18th Century

The character and reputation of Frederick, prince of Wales, have long divided historians. His apparently piecemeal efforts at opposition have been dismissed as lacking in focus, while his mercurial character and early demise have left him difficult to assess. The aim of this article is to attempt once more to reappraise the Prince both as a man at the head of a specific political interest but also more broadly as the symbolic figurehead of a wider patriot movement within society. Through analysis of the contemporary press, and of some of the key members of the Prince's own household, this essay will argue that Prince Frederick was more than just a figurehead for the patriots, if impeded by circumstances and occasionally distracted by his own protean tendencies.

Nous tenterons donc ici, sans prétention à l’exhaustivité, de montrer en quoi les voyageurs sont des comparatistes par nature, comment cela se transmet dans les relations qui émergent de leurs déplacements, et en quoi il est impératif d’utiliser une méthode comparative pour l’étude de leurs écrits.

I – De l’expérience à l’écriture du voyage : « donner à
comparer »

II – Les figures de l’analogie : clefs de la relation de voyage

III – La méthode comparative : une évidence ?

Pour citer cet article : FILET Jérémy, « Vers un comparatisme des écrits du déplacement ? Littérature et voyageurs comparatistes », Cahiers Tocqueville des Jeunes Chercheurs, Vol. 2, n°1, avril 2020, p. 21-28.

The opposition between the naked and the clothed body is one of the most productive elements of cultural history and is often associated with the dichotomy between nature and culture. According to tradition, nudity stimulates the imagination and is the imaginary origin of art. The article examines this narrative in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and in the eighteenth century in Rousseau, the Encyclopédie, and Winckelmann, in order to show its poetic productivity, but also its colonial entanglements.

Cette communication a eu lieu le 31 mars 2017, dans le cadre du séminaire doctoral d'Alexandre Gady. Elle fut l'occasion de révéler une documentation inédite permettant de porter un nouveau regard sur le projet de place Louis XVI destiné à la cité du Ponant en 1786.

The paper aims to analyze the connections among Pope Benedict XIV, Cardinal Silvio Valenti
Gonzaga, religious orders such as Calasanziani and Camilliani, and the Sicilian painters in
Rome, in order to reconstruct the nuanced and facetted plot of the cultural, social and religious
connections between Sicily and the Eternal City in 18th century.
This text intends to study the training and first commissions of Sebastiano Conca’s pupils Gaspare
Serenario and Salvatore Monosilio as well Marco Benefial’s pupils Gioacchino Martorana and
Mariano Rossi and Vito D’Anna during their roman career.
Furthermore, the paper wants to sketch out the crucial role played by the beatification and
canonization of Prospero Lambertini pointing out how these religious feasts shaped contemporary
artistic production and how Sicilian artists were chiefly involved in these commissions.

L’articolo si propone di analizzare i collegamenti tra Papa Benedetto XIV, Cardinal Silvio
Valenti Gonzaga, gli ordini religiosi come i Calasanziani e i Camilliani e i pittori siciliani
a Roma, con lo scopo di ricostruire, in tutte le sue sfumature e sfaccettature, la trama del
legame religioso tra la Sicilia e la Città Eterna nel XVIII secolo.
Si intende qui studiare la formazione e le prime commissioni agli allievi di Sebastiano
Conca, Gaspare Serenario e Salvatore Monosilio, e agli allievi di Marco Benefial,
Gioacchino Martorana, Mariano Rossi e Vito D’Anna, durante la loro carriera romana.
Inoltre, si vuole delineare il ruolo cruciale avuto dalla beatificazione e canonizzazione
di Prospero Lambertini, sottolineando come questi eventi religiosi abbiano influenzato
la produzione artistica contemporanea e come gli artisti siciliani furono attivamente
coinvolti nelle suddette commissioni.

The world, and first and foremost the West, is in crisis. A crisis that is at once financial, monetary, economic, social, geostrategic, political, scientific, energy, and at the same time sees an erosion of morals and morals as well as an ecological crisis.

This great crisis is of a particular character that we call, like others long before us, the crisis of the spirit.

We must necessarily understand the deep origin of this one in order to overcome it. A spiritual crisis can only be fully resolved by starting with the restoration of the spiritual, that is, metaphysical, plane. Guénon, then Evola, have already explained the main supporters in a masterful way. We are part of this continuity.

We choose to approach the spiritual crisis in the West, studying it here from a point of view limited to the traces in history of certain extremely particular religious movements that appeared from the 17th century onwards, whose existence and influence are still largely unknown.

Our general approach is first and foremost a bibliographical compilation of works by world-class specialists, published in French, English and German and whose authors have followed an academic historiographical approach based on works written in Hebrew, Aramaic, Polish, Latin, Turkish, French and German, which are the primary historical references.

A very large part is deliberately left to quotations from excerpts from these works.

This approach to the history of religions is necessarily complemented in conclusion by some reflections on the philosophy of human history, and by elements of metaphysics.

Русское искусство XVIII века : учебник для бакалавриата и магистратуры / Т. В. Ильина, Е. Ю. Станюкович-Денисова. — М. : Издательство Юрайт, 2015. — 611 с. — Серия : Бакалавр и магистр. Академический курс. ISBN 978-5-9916-3527-1
Учебник освещает важнейшие проблемы изобразительного искусства и архитектуры России XVIII в. Уникальное издание представляет панораму художественной жизни России в период, чрезвычайно важный для понимания корней национального русского искусства перед лицом Запада.
Отличительная особенность учебника — блестящая форма подачи материала, ничуть не затрудняющая его восприятие, и обращение к многочисленным историческим источникам.
Издание дополнено обширным указателем литературы, куда вошло большинство известных публикаций по рассматриваемой проблематике начиная с первых десятилетий XVIII в., и разнообразным иллюстративным материалом, которые представлены в электронном виде (прилагаемый диск «Иллюстративные и библиографические материалы к учебнику “Русское искусство XVIII века”»). Благодаря этому оно может быть использовано не только студентами, получающими высшее образование по специальности «История искусств», «Искусствоведение» и «Культурология», но и преподавателями вузов, а также всеми интересующимися историей отечественной культуры.
Соответствует Федеральному государственному образовательному стандарту высшего образования четвертого поколения.
Для студентов высших учебных заведений, получающих первое или второе высшее образование.

This most recent edition of the bibliography contains almost 21,200 titles in English (64%) and French (36%), with an introductory section on historiography. It deals with every aspect of Italian history and culture from the Late Renaissance to the French Revolution.

Bien que représentant un cas particulier, le Livre d'Echantillons Fol Est 489 constitue un bon exemple de la manière dont un recueil à destination d'un homme de l'art était composé au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Éléments pratiques et didactiques y forment un vaste ensemble dans lequel le propriétaire pouvait puiser des idées et des formes, adaptables et combinables au gré de son imagination et des exigences de ses commanditaires. Il témoigne aussi du coût qu'un tel objet pouvait constituer, investissement assez onéreux pour un simple artisan. Il reflète, enfin, comment le goût de la période rocaille se diffusa dans les ateliers qui portèrent cette « mode » que Blondel fustige dans ses Cours d’Architecture.

Müntehab-ı Âliye, Seyit Ali Rızâ Bey tarafından XVIII. yüzyılda tertip edilmiş bir tıp eseridir. Bu bildiride, tıp yazmalarıyla ilgili araştırmalara katkı sağlamak amacıyla daha önce üzerinde bir çalışma yapılmamış olan bu eser tanıtılmıştır. Bunun için Türkçe tıp metinleri ile ilgili kısa bir giriş yapılmış, Rızâ Bey’in biyografisi ve eserin tespit edilebilen nüshalarıyla ilgili bilgiler verilmiş ardından da eser, muhtevası yönünden incelenmiştir. İncelemede eserin başında yer alan kasidenin şekli ve türü ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş, ardından eserdeki ilaç terkiplerinin neler olduğu, faydaları ve kompozisyonu belirtilmiş ve eserin sonunda yer alan halk hekimliği ve halk inanışlarına dair kültürel içerikler örneklenmiştir. Sonuçta, Müntehab-ı Âliye’nin kaynaklarının çeşitliliği, tıp ve eczalık tarihine katkı sağlayabileceği ve Türk dili, edebiyatı ve kültürü açısından da değerlendirilebilecek bir eser olduğu vurgulanmıştır.

On 10 February 1706 a young theologian named Povel Resen set out on a journey
to report on the political and religious state of affairs in the High North. Resen was particularly instructed by king Frederick IV to inform himself about the conditi-
ons among the indigenous Sami populations. After a journey that lasted fourteen months, Resen submitted six reports to the king in Copenhagen. In these he lamented the religious state of the Samis. According to Resen «old idolatry» and «superstitious remains» were still to be found among the natives. Their Christianity was «so poor that it easily can be said to be heathen». Resen found the church to be much better organised on the Swedish side of the vague geopolitical frontier, and the Christiani- sation of the Samis accordingly more advanced. Resen also made several suggesti- ons on how the future missionary activity among the Samis could be organised. Many of these suggestions would be implemented after the mission among the Samis was formally launched in 1716. As one of the first systematic attempts to report on ecclesiastical matters in the High North, and one of the seminal sources
for the subsequent mission, Resen’s reports constitute valuable sources for the missionary history of the Samis.

Rekeningen van de opbrengsten van het verpachte en gecollecteerde weggeld,  aanlegkosten, onderhoudsuitgaven en financieringslasten.
Gemeenten Meerssen, Beek, Houthem (1779-1782) en de ontvanger-generaal van de barrière penningen in den Lande van Valkenburg (1783-1794).

The article is devoted to the unique interior of the 1730s in St. Petersburg — the Senate Chamber in the building of the Twelve Collegia (now the Petrovsky Hall of St. Petersburg State University). On the base of archival materials the authors discuss the problems
of the painting history, attribution and the results of restoration (in 1960s) of the decoration, including of the painted plafon and
seven allegorical panels.

One of three panelists at Fairfield Museum's "Museum After Dark" program on the topic of Spies of the Revolution in Connecticut, with Jackson Kuhl (Author, "Samuel Smedley, Connecticut Privateer") and Rob Foley (Town historian, Bridgeport, CT).  Talk focused on the Culper Spy Ring, which operated in part out of Fairfield, with a focus on Caleb Brewster, who settled in Fairfield after the war. Heavy emphasis on known historical facts vs. dramatized and fictionalized portrayal of Culper Spy Ring (especially Brewster) in AMC's TV series "TURN: Washington's Spies," with plenty of interactive conversation surrounding the nature of writing historical fiction vs. nonfiction.

Location: Fairfield Museum, Fairfield, CT
Image: Promotional postcard for "Museum After Dark" event

Symposium: The Staatskapelle Berlin at 450 – A Review

“Crisis and Prosperity: The Development of Prussian Court Music from 1713 to 1806“

Venue: Staatsoper im Schiller Theater
Date: 7th- 9th October 2016

Call for Papers
Deadline: 1st April 2016

From 7th- 9th October 2016, the Staatskapelle Berlin will hold its second international symposium, in cooperation with the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation, Berlin-Brandenburg. The Staatskapelle celebrates its 450th anniversary in 2020, making it one of the oldest orchestras in the world. Ahead of this occasion, the Staatsoper is holding a series of annual symposia devoted to the history of the Staatskapelle Berlin and its international significance. This year’s topic, ‘Crisis and Prosperity: The Development of Prussian Court Music from 1713 to 1806’, places a focus on the 18th century, from the dissolution of the Prussian Court in 1713 to the collapse of the ‘old’ Prussia in 1806.

Religious communities in Chelm to the late 18th century
The aim of the article is to present the spatial, outer dimension of the frontier.
This construction of Chelm’s religious space up until the late 18th century seems best
suited to show Chelm as a city of ethnic and linguistic borderlands. In that timeframe,
ethnic divisions overlapped with religious ones; thus mapping religions
and denominations, especially given the shortage of more credible sources, is in fact
mapping ethnicities in the Polish Republic of the day.

In 1795 the old Republic of the Seven United Provinces collapsed, and Dutch revolutionaries founded a new, ‘‘Batavian’’ Republic. This essay reexamines the Batavian appreciation of the example of the American Revolution by focusing on one specific political phenomenon that troubled both the American and the Batavian minds: the problem of faction in republican states. I will show how the Batavians were introduced to the now famous Madisonian theory of faction by the Dutch federalist Gerhard Dumbar, a supporter of the American Constitution who wrote a Dutch anthology of the Federalist Papers. Subsequently, I will trace the Batavian understanding of factionalism as it was displayed in the parliamentary debates of the Dutch National Assembly and in the political weekly De Democraten. In the last section, I will turn to the Dutch revolutionary events of the year 1798 and their relevance for the Batavian answer to the problem of faction, which will lead me to conclude that the American alternative to an understanding of faction was ultimately rejected by all sides in the Dutch revolutionary debate.

ABSTRACT in English (résumé en français plus bas): "Artillery and the art of the 'petite guerre': a long progression"
In 1744, for the first time in France, some pieces of artillery are associated to a unit of light troops from its inception. Indeed, the regiment of the harquebusiers of Grassin, a mixed body of infantrymen and cavalrymen, received two pieces of the light cannon known as "à la Suédoise" (in the Swedish way). With examples, the article shows on the one hand that narrative sources make it possible to identify a use of cannons in the "petite guerre" – the tactic in which light troops are specialized – from the War of the Austrian Succession in Flanders (1744-1748) onwards. But on the other hand, it is observed that only the theoretical treatises of the "petite guerre" published after the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) seriously consider the use of artillery in this area and encourage it. To clarify this discrepancy, we must return to the tactical and technical developments as well as to the political choices during the 18th century.

RESUME en français :
« Artillerie et art de la petite guerre : un long cheminement »
En 1744, pour la première fois en France, des pièces d’artillerie sont associées à un corps de troupes légères dès sa création. Le régiment des arquebusiers de Grassin, corps mixte de fantassins et de cavaliers, se voit en effet attribuer deux pièces du canon léger dit « à la suédoise ». L’article montre d’une part, exemples à l’appui, que les sources narratives permettent d’identifier un usage du canon à la petite guerre – la tactique de spécialité des troupes légères – dès la guerre de Succession d’Autriche en Flandre (1744-1748). Mais, d’autre part, on observe que seuls les traités théoriques de petite guerre publiés après la guerre de Sept Ans (1756-1763) envisagent sérieusement le recours à l’artillerie dans ce domaine et l’encouragent. Pour éclairer ce décalage, il faut revenir sur les évolutions tactiques et techniques ainsi que sur les choix politiques au long du XVIIIe siècle.

This is a paper on how I have developed a pedagogy  and what that is to teach retired adults in two Oscher Institutes of Lifelong Learning. I explain the history, development, operation, goals and kinds of people who belong to these. Finally I tell of my experiences teaching courses in the 18th century at both places.

Mini-mémoire réalisé en deuxième année de Master, dans le cadre d'un séminaire sur Poullain de La Barre et la recherche de l'égalité des sexes. Je me suis intéressée ici aux enjeux d'un texte latin parodique du XVIe siècle, traduit en français au XVIIIe siècle, qui veut démontrer en imitant une secte chrétienne hérétique que les femmes ne sont pas des êtres humains, en prenant comme socle de son raisonnement le texte biblique et un événement historique bien réel, à savoir le concile de Mâcon (en 585 de notre ère environ), qui débattit sur la question de l'humanité des femmes...

I 1743 sende Danske kanselli ut ei spørjeliste med 43 spørsmål om geografiske, økonomiske , historiske og kulturelle forhold. Mottakarane var embetsmenn og geistlege i Noreg. Lista gjekk ut i ein periode der Noreg var prega av uår og epidemiar, og i 1741-1743 kan vi snakke om ei såkalla demografisk krise.  Som samtidsskildring vert svara på spørjegranskinga ei unik kjelde til lokale og regionale utslag av den demografiske krisa. Råka ho samstundes og likt på Austlandet og Vestlandet, korleis vart krisa tolka i samtida, og kan svara på spørjegranskinga fortelje noko om svolt og epidemiar var like viktige årsaker til krisa?

This paper explores how the Swedish state communicated lotteries at the end of the eighteenth century. Kungliga Nummerlotteriet is best known for its famous secretary, Carl Michael Bellman. The lottery was an important revenue collecting strategy, connected to building infrastructure and benefiting the poor. By printing winners’ names, the state also attempted to sell the lottery. The average individual could appear in the public record and not as a debtor. This study places the lottery in the context of the state-managed Post- och Inrikes Tidningar and other descriptions of everyday life that are printed in the paper.

The present paper tries to determine the number of the members of Roman Catholic Male Religious Orders in Hungary in a phase when it reached its maximum: after the limitation of the Mendicant Orders and before the abolition of the Society of Jesus, namely, in the early 1770s. Without any statistical data available in this era, the research is only possible by using the often non-consistent internal sources of the Orders. Besides setting the number in ca. 5410-5460, the paper also gives a brief prosopographical analysis of the most numerous Orders in Hungary, the Franciscans, Jesuits, Piarists, Paulines and Benedictines.

De 1717 à 2017, la Franc-maçonnerie éclaire et interroge de manière incomparable trois siècles d’histoire et d’identité européenne, de Lisbonne à Saint-Pétersbourg, de Stockholm à Zagreb. Europe des Lumières, Printemps des peuples, nationalisme et pacifisme, Société des Nations, guerre froide et construction européenne, après-communisme : les francs-maçons, unis ou divisés, écoutés ou exécrés, sont de tous les combats, présents sur tous les chantiers qui rythment l’histoire du continent.
Ce livre se distingue par son choix de rompre avec une juxtaposition d’histoires nationales au profit d’une perspective résolument européenne. Il intègre les recherches les plus récentes et s’appuie sur de nouveaux fonds d’archives dont l’exploitation bouleverse en profondeur la connaissance de l’histoire de la Franc-maçonnerie : « Archives russes » du Grand Orient de France conservées jusqu’au début des années 2000 dans les archives du KGB à Moscou, après avoir été pillées par les Nazis en 1940 ; archives de Minsk en Bélarus, découvertes par l’auteur en 2015.

The political relations between the Ottoman and the Spanish empires around the Mediterranean reached its peak during the 16 th century. However, these two great powers were challenged by the new powers and due to this threat they abandon the struggle around the Mediterranean by the end of the 16 th century. The Ottomans and the Spanish sign a truce rather than a formal peace. Throughout the 17 th and the 18 th centuries the Ottoman and the Spanish Empires lost their power as the primary forces in the world politics. This article aims to understand the Ottoman-Spanish Peace Treaty in 1782, and bring a comparative look to the Ottoman-Spanish relations.