19th and 20th Century United States

In the fall of 2009, the authors conducted a limited
ground-penetrating radar survey in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
on the remains of the First Fort Crawford (47CR249). First Fort Crawford was built in 1816 and abandoned in 1832. In the 1930s, the fort was accidentally rediscovered. At that time, Leland R. Cooper of Hamline University excavated a majority of the fort’s rooms as a Works Progress Administration project. Largely undocumented, these excavations have left us without an accurate idea of the extent of the excavations and, more to the point, what was not excavated. Sketchy surviving records suggest that the powder magazine and latrines were either not located or not excavated at the time. Comparing forts with similar architecture offered clues as to where to look for those features. Cooper’s accession books and photographs allowed us to reconstruct much of the excavation and its features. Geophysical Survey Systems SIR-3000 ground-penetrating radar was used in an attempt to relocate these features for future excavation and to determine the extent of previous excavations. The results of these investigations indicate that there are intact rooms and features that were not previously excavated.

Not-guilty verdicts, mistrials, and impunity for the Bundy family and many of their supporters in the armed confrontations over public land use in Nevada and Oregon. Expanded access for private oil, gas, mining, and logging industries and the downsizing of national monuments such as Bears Ears lead by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke. A number of highly contentious debates and sensationalized events have again focused attention on land held in the public domain by the United States. This essay argues that federal land policy as a form of colonial administration has been constitutive for the logic of expectation as property in what is now the United States. From the state land cessions negotiated on behalf of the Articles of Confederation to the preemption acts (1830–1841) to the homestead acts (1862–1916) to present-day demands for land transfer, the acquisition and disposal of the so-called public domain have been central to westward colonization, the consolidation of the nation-state, and the promise of land ownership as the ostensible foundation of individual liberty. These dynamics are evident in contemporary conflicts over public lands and arguments for the transfer of public lands to either state or private ownership. Approaching the Bundy occupations as flashpoints that illuminate competing interpretations and claims to land within the history of westward colonization, this essay seeks to demonstrate the ways in which expectation emerges from particular economies of dispossession of indigenous peoples that have historically worked through and across the division of public and private property.

2016-ban, a Miskolci Egyetemi Kiadó gondozásában látott napvilágot a Kis csikánó olvasókönyv címet viselő, hazánkban unikumnak számító kötet. A mexikói-amerikai közösség eredetét és beilleszkedési nehézségeit boncolgató egy novellát és két drámát, valamint a hozzájuk kapcsolódó elemzéseket Vraukó Tamás, a Miskolci Egyetem Angol Nyelv- és Irodalomtudományi Tanszékének docense rendezte önálló kötetbe. Vraukó tudományos érdeklődésének egyik fókuszában az észak-amerikai kultúra és civilizáció, azon belül a mexikói-amerikai, azaz csikánó (angolosan chicano) közösség tapasztalatai állnak, míg munkássága másik fő irányáról műfordításai tanúskodnak. Nem véletlen tehát, hogy a jelen kötetben sem csupán szerkesztőként jelenik meg, hanem a közreadott szépirodalmi művek avatott fordítójaként és az egyik kísérő tanulmány szerzőjeként is. Ilyen értelemben vett társzerzői között szerepel Virágos Zsolt, a Debreceni Egyetem Észak-amerikai Tanszékének irodalomtudós egyetemi tanára, valamint két amerikai író-egyetemi oktató Kaliforniából: Richard Dokey novellista és a csikánó Carlos Morton drámaíró.

Les machines politiques sont un phénomène lié à l’immigration irlandaise aux Etats-Unis entre les années 1870 et 1950. Les machines sont des organisations conçues pour gagner les élections en mobilisant des clientèles dans le cadre de relations personnelles et de solidarités ethniques. La mobilisation des clientèles passe notamment par la distribution d’emplois publics. Le débat historiographique porte sur le rôle joué par les machines auprès des immigrés pauvres. Le cas des machines montre l’intérêt que revêt le clientélisme pour étudier les trajectoires spécifiques d’intégration des groupes immigrés dans la société américaine.

This paper presented at The Kondiaf conference 2017  is a survey of the era of populism  in the US. By retracing  the genesis, rise, and fall of the  movement of agrarian  in the late nineteenth and early and  twentieth century it elucidates the historical background of a political concept of dubious renown..

ABSTRACT in English (résumé en français ci-après): "Specialization vs versatility. The Rangers during Operation 'Torch', 8 November 1942"
When the Rangers were formed in June 1942, the intent was to let pass in this battalion, successively, a large number of soldiers, in order to train them thoroughly and to give them combat experience, with a British mentoring, in small scale raids against the Axis forces. The trained and experienced soldiers would then be returned to their former units and, back in the United States, could usefully support the training of other soldiers lacking combat experience, especially in amphibious operations.

The project of operation "Torch", the allied invasion of North Africa (thus the opening of a second front in Europe against the Axis forces), did change the destination of the Rangers. The participation of a large number of American troops to this operation would allow giving them directly a combat experience, therefore diminishing the Rangers' expected usefulness as future seasoned instructors. The mission of the 1st battalion of Rangers changed then towards a particular unit, designed to conduct "special" operations, like the British commandos.

It is particularly relevant to study the action of the Rangers in Arzew, because this type of engagement did fully match the training they received during the previous months. Assessing the fundamental points that allowed a victory is easier, all the more so as it was the first engagement of the war for the Rangers as a unit.

This article makes it possible to put into perspective the vocation of the so-called "special" troops. It illustrates the tension between the specialization and the versatility of Special Forces.

RESUME en français :
"Spécialisation vs polyvalence. L’opération ‘Torch’ des rangers, 8 novembre 1942"
Quand les "rangers" furent mis sur pied en juin 1942, l’objectif était de faire passer par ce bataillon, successivement, un grand nombre de soldats, de façon à leur faire suivre un entraînement poussé, et à leur faire acquérir de l’expérience au combat, à l’école des Britanniques, au cours de raids ponctuels contre les forces de l’Axe. Les soldats ainsi entraînés et expérimentés seraient reversés dans leurs unités d’origine et, revenus aux Etats-Unis, pourraient contribuer utilement à l’instruction des autres soldats, qui manquaient, eux, d’expérience au combat, particulièrement pour les opérations amphibies.

Le projet de l’opération "Torch", et de l’invasion de l’Afrique du Nord par les Alliés (donc, l’ouverture d’un deuxième front en Europe face aux forces de l’Axe), changèrent la destination des rangers. La participation en grand nombre de troupes américaines à cette opération permettait de leur donner directement une expérience de combat, diminuant de fait l’utilité escomptée des rangers comme futurs instructeurs expérimentés. La vocation du 1er bataillon de rangers évolua alors dans le sens d’une troupe particulière, destinée à accomplir des opérations "spéciales", sur le modèle des commandos britanniques.

Etudier l’action des rangers à Arzew est particulièrement pertinent, parce que le type d’engagement fut dans le droit fil de l'instruction qu’ils avaient suivie pendant les mois qui avaient précédé. Il est plus facile de juger ainsi les points fondamentaux qui ont permis la victoire, d'autant que ce fut le premier engagement de ces rangers dans la guerre en tant qu'unité. Cet article permet de mettre en perspective la vocation des troupes dites "spéciales". Il illustre la tension entre spécialisation et polyvalence des forces spéciales.

ATTENTION : certaines phrases de cet article ont été changées par l'équipe éditoriale de la revue sans mon autorisation, d'où, parfois, une grammaire fautive.

In order to map out the extent to which the interplay between professional creationist and anti-creationist organizations in the United States determines the state of the creation/evolution debates, I shall proceed in three steps. First, I will present an example that characterizes the way in which professional creationism works in the United States. Second, I will review some key aspects of the history of professional creationism and anti-creationism in America. Third, I will present a sociological model that helps explain why creationism in the United States has developed in the way it has. This model is based upon the theory of social fields as developed by Pierre Bourdieu. Its main function is to make visible the way in which professional creationists and anti-creationists are attuned to each other with regard to their arguments, strategies, and the concepts they apply to Interpret their own actions and those of their opponents.

This essay is an extended review of an autobiographical text by the Sudeten German  Friedrich Linhart (1903-1987), an unknown protagonist of humanitarianism in the "Bloodlands" of WW II. Based on diary entries from 1941-1945  as well as on documents from Poland the small book is to be considered  as a revealing historical source. Serving as a German forest official in the district of Lublin 1943-44  Linhart saved hundreds of Poles from  Nazi camps, in particular from  Majdanek.

This paper draws the connection between the changes in the American perspectives on abortion in the second half of the twentieth century and shifts in the cultural, social and legal status of the society. The major change occurred in 1973, when it was ruled by the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade that it was unconstitutional to restrict abortion by law for it violated a woman’s right to privacy. The law, however, left many special cases unaddressed, such as when a fetus becomes a person or when the government has the right to step in and claim protection over "human" life. The ambiguity of the laws left the debate over the legality of abortion open, and movements continued into the twenty-first century in attempt to both undo the ruling and to secure the reproductive rights of women. As perspectives are shaped by reproductive rights issues of the past, the issue continues into the twenty-first century with more unanswered questions.

The medical thought of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provides a nebulous view of the disease with no exact causative factors and with treatment practices that vary greatly. There are many contemporary opinions of the causative factors of hyperemesis gravidarum and treatments; however, there have been limited evaluation and synthesis of past practices in current historical literature. It is important and imperative to reflect on past attitudes and treatments for current medical practice since there is still a reliance on attitudes about hyperemesis that stem from the past yet prevail even today. This can be detrimental for women being treated under guidelines that are outdated and ultimately not evidence based.

Greek American historical studies have noted the importance of organizations such the American Hellenic Progressive Association within Greek American communities.  In addition to this major influential organization, topika somateia, meaning Local Organizations, or also played a role. Between 1911 and 1924 evidence for the existence of many Local Organizations has been presented by many past researchers. The author of this study has found evidence of a plethora of organizations composed of immigrants from Asia Minor. Specifically, the Greek American Pontus Leagues was found in the New York Times and Ethnikos Keryx archive. The Greek American Pontus League provided a means for its members to preserve and promote the culture and tradition of their homeland. Thereby creating a link of memories and a physical space were these memories could yield contemporary realities. These realities were produced by a mingling of their own virtues with those of American society. They organized dances, presentations, and fundraising events that served as community building reference points. In addition, they carried out philanthropic fundraising drives and with the funds acquired they supported their respective communities in Asia Minor. These monetary infusions were the product of individual transfers or via philanthropic organizations such as Near East Relief. The extent of the Greek American Pontus League’s impact in Greek American communities between 1919 and 1922 will be examined in this study.

In collaboration with Elizabeth Cobbs and James Shelley, I developed an online Discussion Guide and Lesson Plan to accompany their Documentary American Umpire, which aired on PBS Nationwide in 2016. The guide was designed to provide educators and civic groups with historical background, discussion questions, and grade-appropriate activities that aligned with current educational standards.

Edition of this little book, published in 1863 in the midst of the American Civil War, develops the theme of the meaning of patriotism in a newly founded country. The protagonist, possibly involved in Aaron Burr's apparent attempt at founding a new state, in a burst of youthful pride declares that he does not want to hear the words "United States" again. His wish is granted, and he spends the rest of his days on ships asea. Edited by Sasha Newborn

In 1984, KGB Defector Yuri Bezmenov (writing under the name "Thomas D. Schuman" after his defection) wrote, "Love Letter to America", and beginning on page 17 through page 45 describes the Soviet (Russian) long term strategic subversion process.  This is a .pdf version of a powerpoint outlining Bezmenov's work.  This paper describes some of the forces and techniques influencing and practiced by ANTIFA, Black Lives Matter, the Democrat Party, Marxists, Leftist Media and other detractors of the United States. The original document may be found at:  https://archive.org/details/BezmenovLoveLetterToAmerica.

Mayo del 68 en Francia. Los hechos y su trasfondo
SUMARIO 1. Introducción. 2. La revuelta en la Universidad de California en Ber keley. 3. La ola de protestas llega a Europa y estalla en Francia. 4. De la crisis estudiantil a la crisis social. 5. La crisis política. 6. La heren cia de la revuelta.
Los acontecimientos vividos en Francia en mayo de 1968, que han adquirido renombre de acontecimiento fundante, tuvieron interesantes precedentes. Haremos referencia a algunos relativamente próximos en el tiempo que los iluminan y ayudan a comprenderlos. A partir de ellos, nos acercaremos a los sucesos parisinos de ese mes para repasar los más señalados, y trataremos, finalmente, de ofrecer una lectura comprensiva de los hechos.
Cita: PÉREZ LÓPEZ, Pablo, «Mayo del 68 en Francia. Los hechos y su trasfondo», en Jiménez, L. (dir.), Mayo del 68 y su legado. La universidad ante los retos del siglo XXI, Madrid, Fundación Universitaria Española, 2020, pp. 27-69.

This article focuses on the chronological sequence of events which affected the people of Gum Neck, a remote fishing village on the Alligator River, Tyrrell County, NC, just south of the Albemarle Sound. This is the first detailed account of the upheaval experienced by the people, especially those who fought, on both side, but also those who were enslaved. The numerous tables name and document the plantation owners, the freed slaves, those who fought for the Confederacy, and those who fought for the Union. It documents specific people who experienced salt and food shortages.  Published by the Tyrrell County Genealogical and Historical Society, Columbia, North Carolina

One of the greatest Presidents of the United States, if not the greatest Presidents, was indeed George Washington. Not only was President Washington a tremendous leader throughout the Revolutionary War, as a founding father, and as first President of our great nation, but he was a humble man that did not seek such high offices as General and President. But he was compelled by the people around him to such high offices because of his greatness as an intellectual, well educated, and humble state that truly sought no fame and fortune for his position but rather saw a need to serve his fellow citizens in the most meaningful and effectual way as was possible at the time. This is very clear in his farewell speech when his second term as President was concluding. Even though this humble farewell was bittersweet not only for Washington, but for the citizens as well, it was one of love as he could foresee the coming and possible dangers to our nation and lovingly warns of the travesties that they might bring if they come about.

The new designs for the US Paper Money between 1914 and 1918: Federal Reserve Notes and Federal Reserve Bank Notes during the Word War I. Contents:
BEFORE THE FED, THE FED, THE NEW NOTES, 12 BANK SEALS, THE NEW TRADITION, 2 TREASURY SEALS, DATES, FIVE-DOLLAR BILL, TEN-DOLLAR BILL, TWENTY-DOLLAR BILL, FIFTY-DOLLAR BILL, ONE HUNDRED-DOLLAR BILL, ONE-DOLLAR BILL, TWO-DOLLAR BILL, $500 BILL, $1,000 BILL, $5,000 BILL, $10,000 BILL, 4 AUTHORIZATIONS ON THE “FED” PAPER MONEY (1914-1918), FINAL WORDS.

In this article I aim to establish a relevant connection between John Dewey’s educational philosophy and the hippie communes of the United States during the nineteen sixties and seventies. After an assessment of Dewey’s philosophy against the background of the countercultural sixties, I summarize and organize Dewey’s philosophical thought around the concepts of growth, experience, education, democracy, and occupations. I then look closely at seven memoirs describing life in five different hippie communes, and draw on them to present illustrations of the main tenets of Dewey’s educational philosophy and of its contemporary significance.

L’article a pour sujet la personnalité extraordinaire du kabbaliste le Rabbin Levi Isaac Krakovsky (1891–1966), un des étudiants oubliés du Rabbin Yehuda Leib Ashlag (1885–1955). Krakovsky diffusait l’enseignement de son maître en Amérique en anglais, écrivait des douzaines de livres et essayait d’établir des yeshivot de Kabbalistes. Contrairement à son maître, il présentait un enseignement exotérique et une vision de diffusion de la Kabbale dans le monde entier. Son influence était minime, mais un de ses élèves était Shraga Philip Berg qui continuait son chemin et le complétait de plusieurs points de vue. L’article se base sur de riches matières archivales, parmi lesquelles de longues essays de l’auteur en manuscrit qui sont décrits ici pour la premiere fois. D’une telle façon, nous décrivons le dévelopment de la Kabbale en Amérique du début du vingtième siècle jusqu’ aujourd’hui.

L’article a pour sujet la personnalité extraordinaire du kabbaliste le Rabbin Levi Isaac Krakovsky (1891–1966), un des étudiants oubliés du Rabbin Yehuda Leib Ashlag (1885–1955). Krakovsky diffusait l’enseignement de son maître en Amérique en anglais, écrivait des douzaines de livres et essayait d’établir des yeshivot de Kabbalistes. Contrairement à son maître, il présentait un enseignement exotérique et une vision de diffusion de la Kabbale dans le monde entier. Son influence était minime, mais un de ses élèves était Shraga Philip Berg qui continuait son chemin et le complétait de plusieurs points de vue. L’article se base sur de riches matières archivales, parmi lesquelles de longues essays de l’auteur en manuscrit qui sont décrits ici pour la premiere fois. D’une telle façon, nous décrivons le dévelopment de la Kabbale en Amérique du début du vingtième siècle jusqu’ aujourd’hui.

La Primera Guerra Mundial supone el inicio de la propaganda en un sentido moderno. Aunque este concepto ya había desarrollado gran parte de su poder a lo largo de la historia, durante este conflicto es cuando adquiere su nueva forma. Especial interés tiene el Comité de Información Pública de los Estados Unidos, por el éxito de sus trabajos, los medios y herramientas de que dispuso y puso en práctica y los miembros que formaron parte del mismo. Bernays, autor de este libro, fue miembro de este comité y pudo poner en práctica buena parte de sus conocimientos a gran escala.

* For a revised and expanded version of this paper, see "'In the Constant Flux of Its Incessant Renewal': The Social Reproduction of Racial Capitalism and Settler Colonial Entitlement" [Uncorrected Proofs]: https://www.academia.edu/75944463/_In_the_Constant_Flux_of_Its_Incessant_Renewal_The_Social_Reproduction_of_Racial_Capitalism_and_Settler_Colonial_Entitlement_Uncorrected_Proofs_

This paper focuses on the ways in which property relations and prevailing conceptions of ownership are key sites for the social reproduction of race, capitalism, and the particularities of U.S. settler colonialism. I begin with a consideration of racial capitalism in relation to reproduction. I then discuss how “so-called primitive accumulation” continues to serve as an important referent in debates on the relationship between colonialism and capitalism. In conclusion, I briefly consider the ongoing fractionation of Native American land in the wake of the 1887 allotment act and the attrition of African American land ownership through the partition of tenancy-in-common of heirs’ property. I use these examples to show how the racial, colonial, gendered, and generational making of property and the capacity for possession are both a consequence of particular historical conditions of dispossession and continue to be reproduced in new ways in the present. Inheritance in this sense is quite literally a matter of social reproduction and a site of struggle over power and history in the context of the current moment.

By delving into the complex, cross-generational exchanges that characterize any political project as rampant as empire, this thought-provoking study focuses on children and their ambivalent, intimate relationships with maps and practices of mapping at the dawn of the “American Century.” Considering children as students, map and puzzle makers, letter writers, and playmates, Mahshid Mayar interrogates the ways turn-of-the-century American children encountered, made sense of, and produced spatial narratives and cognitive maps of the United States and the world. Mayar further probes how children’s diverse patterns of consuming, relating to, and appropriating the “truths” that maps represent turned cartography into a site of personal and political contention.
To investigate where in the world the United States imagined itself at the end of the nineteenth century, this book calls for new modes of mapping the United States as it studies the nation on regional, hemispheric, and global scales. By examining the multilayered liaison between imperial pedagogy and geopolitical literacy across a wide range of archival evidence, Mayar delivers a careful microhistorical study of U.S. empire.

"Se queremos que tudo fique como está
é preciso que tudo mude."


O leitmotif da obra de Tomasi de Lampedusa, imortalizada no grande ecrã pela objectiva de Visconti, sintetiza a sua ideia central, acerca do declínio das antigas elites, em particular da aristocracia, a favor da ascensão das classes médias, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX e a forma como uma facção daquela procurou, sem sucesso, manter a sua posição.
O tema da presente dissertação é precisamente o da evolução da Aristocracia em Portugal, em concreto da Casa Palmela, no contexto do Liberalismo, com maior precisão, no período que medeia entre 1810 e 1887, datas que, como veremos, reflectem a cronologia ditada pela própria evolução da Casa e também pelos rumos da nacionalidade.


"If we want everything to stay as it is
everything must change."


The leitmotif of Tomasi de Lampedusa's work, immortalized on the big screen by Visconti's lens, sums up his central idea of the decline of the old elites, particularly of the aristocracy, in favor of the rise of the middle classes from the second half of the century, and the way a faction of it sought, unsuccessfully, to maintain its position.
The theme of this dissertation is precisely that of the evolution of the Aristocracy in Portugal, specifically of Casa Palmela, in the context of Liberalism, with greater precision, in the period between 1810 and 1887, dates that, as we shall see, reflect the chronology dictated by own evolution of the House and also by the paths of nationality.

Esta monografía analiza las relaciones del poder militar estadounidense y la diferentes confesiones religiosas existentes en Cuba entre 1899 y 1902, años de la ocupación norteamericana de la Isla. Durante ese tiempo, Washington dirigió todos los ámbitos de la vida cubana: desde la política a la economía, la administración pública o la milicia… ¿También la religión? Esta investigación responde a esa pregunta y aclar otras. Por ejemplo, las negociaciones de la Iglesia católica y el Gobierno interventor, la actividad proselitista de los credos reformados o el resurgimiento de la masonería. El libro se basa en documentación del Archivo Secreto Vaticano, the Library of Congress y National Archives (EE. UU.) además de fondos diplomáticos españoles conservados en el Archivo Histórico Nacional.

Per un capitalismo globale che, come un sistema troppo complesso soffre di ingovernabilità, l'assestamento automatico è un problema, non un vantaggio come dicono invece i liberisti. E' un problema per una vecchia questione che i singoli borghesi tendono a esorcizzare e a rimuovere ma che la borghesia come classe non dimentica tanto facilmente: la lotta di classe.