Ancient Coins

New work over the last thirty years on the archaeology of Syria-Palestine in the later sixth and seventh centuries has significantly questioned the once-accepted view of an economy in decline, seen in part as a contributory factor to the supposed “easy” conquest of the region. Coinage, ceramics, and settlement profiles depict, rather, an economic resilience that successfully weathered the political and military disruptions of the seventh century. The relative soundness of the economy at the end of the seventh century gave crucial support to ʿAbd al-Malik during the succession dispute with Ibn Zubayr, and following its resolution ʿAbd al-Malik’s reforms were to ensure decades of continuing economic prosperity in Syria-Palestine. In the eighth century, a standardized coinage ensured monetary confidence, townbased industries were built up on a major scale to supply regional markets, while improvements to the infrastructure of agriculture—rather than the introduction of new crops—and the exploration of natural resources promoted settlement in the countryside. Over two centuries, the economy had changed, bringing significant shifts in urban and rural settlement patterns, but had not, to any significant extent, failed.

Alabanda Ancient City takes place in Araphisar Street from Doğanyurt Village in the 7 km west of Çine Town, Aydın City. The city settled down on the foothill of the hills in the north of Gökbel Mountain, is positioned close by the Marsyas River. The ancient city having wetland wide lowlands suitable for agriculture shows a non-stop settlement by beginning from the 2nd Millenium B. C. until today. While there are archeological materials and evidences about the Ancient Period of Alabanda and they are known and evaluated by the scientific world, the information about the late Ancient Period and that of the period after it are almost non-existing. As throughout the Ancient World, Alabanda has also kept its presence by changing after the 4th Century A. D. In the excavation, research and conservation works we have carried out since 2011, unsuspected concrete archeological data were achieved about Alabanda after Ancient Period. It was documented that the city were smaller by almost half and were surrounded by new city walls, and it was determined that public buildings such as theater, bath and temple, were used for different functions by changing architecturally. As we can see the sample of it in a lot of ancient religious settlement, Alabanda Apollon Isotimos Temple were changed into a church and the cella of the temple was used as baptistery. Column capitals, relief-adorned parapets, mosaics, the city walls built with Spolia blocks inform us about Alabanda in the Early Christian Period and in the Medieval Period. Byzantine and Islamic glazed potteries presenting a very rich repertoire and various coins belonging to Byzantine Period and Anatolian Principalities give us clues about the socio-economic situation of Medieval Alabanda. In this notice, archeological materials and evidences, which were achieved after a 3-year work and which are providing valuable information about the Medieval Alabanda, will be briefly introduced and those unsuspected data will be presented to the attention and knowledge of scientific world.

Özet: Makalede Osman Gâzî'nin İbrâhim Artuk tarafından yayımlanan ilk sikkesi hakkındaki bâzı iddiâların bilimsel tenkidi ve 1980'li yıllarda ünlü nümismat Nicholas Lowick'in R. P. Lindner'le birlikte inceledikleri, ancak o zamandan beri nerede olduğu bilinmeyen ikinci Osman Gâzî sikkesinin fotoğraf ve çizimleri ekseninde; Osman Gâzi için hutbe-sikke gibi şartların oluşup-oluşmaması, ilk Osman Gâzî sikkesinin sahte olduğu iddiâları, "İstiklâl-i 'Osmânî" hakkında öne sürülen yaygın görüşler ve kuruluş dönemi ile ilgili diğer tartışmalı meseleler yeniden ele alınmıştır.

Resumo: O presente artigo busca discutir a ficção para além do ψεῦδος (pseûdos) no mundo grego. Para tanto, examino o estatuto da ficção e do ficcional a partir de moedas falsas. Na relação do homem grego com sua moeda, falsa ou verdadeira, deparamo-nos com situações em que moedas falsas são autorizadas a integrar a circulação, tornando-se, consequentemente, equivalentes às verdadeiras; há também moedas falsificadas capazes de pôr em xeque as verdadeiras; e ainda as falsas que podem se tornar mais verdadeiras do que as reais. É preciso notar que o contraste vocabular entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) não permite perceber a fluidez da fronteira entre uma ideia e outra. Donde, talvez, a contribuição de observar como essa mesma fronteira se comporta nas práticas do mundo grego pouco familiares às noções de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (como no caso das moedas), mas que, inevitavelmente, participam de sua elaboração e sofisticação. Tais práticas ajudam, assim, a explicar o pacto de ficcionalidade no teatro clássico.
Palavras-chave: falsificação; moedas falsas; moedas verdadeiras; ficção; teatro.

LA CONTREFAÇON ET LE THÉÂTRE GREC: DEUX FACES D'UNE MÊME PIÈCE
Résumé: Dans cette réflexion, je voudrais discuter la fiction au-delà du ψεῦδος (pseûdos) dans le monde grec. J'examine, pour ce faire, le statut de la fiction ou du fictionnel, en particulier dans les fausses pièces. Dans la relation de l'homme grec avec sa monnaie, tant réelle que fausse, on est confronté à des situations où il y a des pièces fausses qui sont autorisées à intégrer la circulation et, par conséquent, sont équivalentes aux vraies; ainsi que pièces contrefaites qui sont capables de mettre en échec la vraie monnaie; et encore des contrefaites qui peuvent devenir plus réelles que les réelles. Il faut noter que le contraste entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) ne permet pas de percevoir la fluidité de la frontière entre une idée et l’autre. D’où, peut-être, la raison d’observer comment cette même frontière se comporte dans les pratiques du monde grec, en principe pratiques peu habituées aux notions de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (comme dans le cas de la monnaie), mais qui, inévitablement, ont participé à leur élaboration et à leur sophistication. Et qui aident (ces pratiques) à expliquer le pacte de fiction au théâtre classique.
Mots-clés: contrefaçon; fausses pièces; varies pièces; fiction; théâtre.

The legacy of contemporary numismatic collectors has progressed from the awareness in financial tenders that were used for bartering and commerce in diverse societies all over the world into the use of numismatic coins that are collected today for speculative or pastime purposes.

The Roman numismatic coins of the Silla History and Archaeology Museum (Valencia, Spain) are made
public. It is a museum that gards coins which come from two archaeological excavations recently made in
two villae located in its municipal district: La Font del Gat and Silla, last one in the historical centre of
population. Four high-imperial coins were recovered in the first villa, without archaeological context, and
in the second one a monetary set was found, made up of by a ring and four coins; three ases of Claudius I
of Hispanic mint and an as of Galba, which appeared in a Roman thermal bath, in the middle of the trench
of the foundation of the wall that separates the changing area of the space which gives way to the cold area
or an unctorium. Probably it is a foundational deposit with votive components. A brief current situation of
the knowledge has been done of the ancient numismatic in the region of “L’Horta Sud” of Valencia.
Se dan a conocer los fondos numismáticos romanos del Museo de Historia y Arqueología de Silla. Se
trata de un museo que custodia monedas provenientes de dos intervenciones arqueológicas efectuadas recientemente
en dos villas romanas localizadas en su término municipal: la de La Font del Gat y la de Silla,
esta última situada en el centro histórico de la población. De la primera villa se recuperaron cuatro monedas
altoimperiales sin contexto arqueológico y de la segunda se halló un conjunto monetario, formado
por un anillo y cuatro monedas: tres ases de Claudio I de ceca hispana y un as de Galba, el cual apareció
en unas termas romanas, en mitad de la zanja de fundación del cimiento del muro que separaba la zona
de muda del espacio de la sala fría o de un unctorium. Se trata de un probable depósito fundacional con
componentes votivos. También aquí se hace un sucinto estado de la cuestión del conocimiento de la numismática
antigua en la comarca de l´Horta Sud de Valencia.

Reflet de l’imagerie du moment, l’iconographie des monnaies grecques apporte une vision « matérialisée » de l’histoire des cités (polis). Parfait support de l’idéologie, la monnaie se révèle constituer un élément « majeur » dans la diffusion des thèmes propres à chacun des émetteurs. Parmi les innombrables sujets illustrés par la monnaie, nous avons choisi d’aborder celui de l’olivier, arbre « nourricier et mythique » du monde méditerranéen qui continue à faire la réputation de notre région. Ce motif, généralement « secondaire » sur ces frappes, accompagne sous diverses formes des compositions très variées.

This article forms an epilogue to the volume "Civil War in Ancient Greece and Rome: Contexts of Disintegration and Reintegration" (ed. H. Börm, M. Mattheis, J. Wienand; Stuttgart 2015). The cover of this volume is adorned by a reworked sestertius of the emperor Caius Iulius Verus Maximinus (AD 235–238), better known to posterity as Maximinus Thrax. The epilogue is dedicated to this exceptional coin and its historical context, reflecting the key themes of this volume: The coin was originally produced as part of an extensive issue of coinage in celebration of victory over the Germans in 236 – the victoria germanica of the reverse legend. It presumably entered circulation as regular pay or as part of a special donative to a member of the imperial guard or a soldier of the legio II Parthica. It was reworked after the emperor’s death in the civil war against the senatorial emperors Pupienus and Balbinus in 238: It now showed the unfavorable end of Maximinus Thrax, whose decapitated head ended up on a pole and was paraded through the streets of Rome. This coin is thus a fascinating testimony to civil war: in striking fashion it illustrates the impact of internal and external wars on the Empire, and how such conflicts were conceived by the various protagonists. The coin is also one of the most striking examples of the damnatio memoriae of a defeated emperor. The modifications that radically altered the coin’s message cast a spotlight not only on the dramatic events of a violent regime change but also on the strategies with which those involved sought to integrate a new political and ideological order.

The book will be available November 2015
http://www.steiner-verlag.de/titel/60680.html

THREE BURIAL COIN-HOARDS FROM KOMPOTADES, PHTHIOTIS
Salvage excavations in 2009, which were carried out on the hill of Profitis Elias at Kompotades, near the Spercheios River, unearthed a large chamber tomb, which was rich in offerings. Among the many offerings from the tomb, ranging chronologically from the Mycenaean until the mid-Hellenistic period, stood three coin hoards which were consisting exclusively of bronze coins. The conservation of the currencies was too bad and sometimes made difficult their identification. The first (lot A) was identified within a two-handled skyphos (bolsal cup) and consisted of 8 currencies (2 of Larissa, 1 of Sikyon, 1 of Ainis, 1 of Phthiotic Thebae and 1 of Atrax). The second (lot B) consisted of 16 currencies (2 of Larissa, 3 of Phasralos, 1 of Lamia, 2 of Histiaia and 2 of Philip II). The third (lot C) consisted of 87 currencies ( 24 of Larissa, 9 of Pharsalos, 7 of Histiaea, 4 of Boeotian League, 4 of Sikyon, 2 of Opountian Lokris, 3 of Lamia, 2 of Ainis, 2 of Chalkis, 2 of Phalanna, 1 of Atrax, 1 of Crannon, 1 of Melitaia, 1 of Oitaia,1 of Phokis, 1 of Corinth, 1 of Phlious, and 1 of Alexander III).
Totally accounted in these three hoards were 20 mints from Macedonia, Thessaly, Central Greece, Euboea and Peloponnese. The hoards are dated to the first half of the third century BC with earlier lot A, which dates to the beginning of the third century, as this type of bolsal cup, in which the lot was identified, had been used as offering at the turn from forth century to third century BC. The two others lots are dated to the first quarter of the third century or at the turn from the first to the second quarter of the century. The diversity of the mints represented in these three hoards is indicative of the economic situation and numismatic circulation in the Spercheios valley at the first half of the third century BC. At this time both trade and everyday transactions were carried out in bronze coins.

The 3rd  International Conference of the Faculty of Archaeology - Fayoum University - Egypt  in cooperation with the University of Marburg -Germany
———————————-
Basic information about the conference:
Event Name: Technology and Digitization in Preserving, Documenting and Conserving Antiquities
Date: 23-25 May 2022.
Organizer: Faculty of Archeology - Fayoum University
Place: Faculty of Archeology - Fayoum University - Fayoum Governorate
Conference themes
Technology and digitization in portable antiquities.
Technology and digitization in Architectural Antiquities.
Using technology and digitization in the study of museums, archaeological and heritage sites.
Programming and software in the field of antiquities, heritage and conservation.
Technology and digitization in recording, preserving and maintaining antiquities and heritage.
Technology and digitization in documenting, archiving and storing of antiquities.
Conference languages:
العربية
English
Paper/Poster Abstracts:
Research abstracts are accepted in both Arabic and English, with a maximum of 300 words. The summary should clearly include the importance of the topic, the research problem, the research objectives, the applied methodology, the most important results, and the research contributions. Key words should be mentioned with a maximum of five words.
It must include the full names of the authors in the research, the place of work, the official e-mail address and phone number.
Research abstracts should be sent in Word and PDF formats at the following link:
https://docs.google.com/.../1FAIpQLSfS3aYGQkJ.../viewform...
Or using the following QR code
Deadline for abstracts delivery: April 15, 2022
Conference fees include
Transfers to- from and within Fayoum.
Accommodation in double rooms for two nights in the hotels specified by the conference organizing committee.
Attend all conference events and activities.
Coffee and lunch breaks.
Attending all scientific symposia as well as conference workshops.
Conference attendance certificate.
Conference portfolio, in addition to a copy of the published conference preceding issue.
Trips and recreational and tourist activities on the sidelines of the conference.
A trip to Wadi El Rayan and Wadi El Hitan Reserve in Fayoum Governorate
At the end of the conference, the participant receives a certificate of conference attendance and presentation of the paper/poster, while the attendant receives a conference attendance certificate.
Conference fees:
Egyptian Researchers
Presentation of a research paper (including accommodation and conference bag). 1600 EGP
Presentation of a research paper (including the conference  bag) 1200 EGP
Conference attendance (including conference bag) 600 EGP
One associated  attendance (including accommodation and conference bag) 1200 EGP
Presentation of additional research paper 400 EGP
Participation with a poster (including accommodation and conference bag) 1200 EGP
Participation with a poster (including the conference bag) 600 EGP
Non-Egyptian Researchers:
Presentation of a research paper (including accommodation and conference bag) 300 $
Conference attendance / One associated  attendance (including accommodation and conference bag) 200 $
Participation with a poster (including accommodation and conference bag) 200 $
Conference attendance (including conference bag) 100 $
Special Discounts:
Postgraduate students (Masters and PhD) 25%
Affiliates of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities 25%
Publication Fees
A special issue of the conference will be in the Journals of the Faculty of Archeology - Fayoum University.
Publication fees will be determined later in accordance with the rules of the journal (SHEDET, which is on the international Scopus classification, or the Journal of the Islamic Numismatic Center) and after the process of arbitration and acceptance of research for publication according to the rules of each journal
Contact Us
E-mail: archconf@fayoum.edu.eg 
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Der vorliegender Beitrag behandelt sieben Fälle in denen antiken authentische Geldemissionen von Typ Koson zur Herstellung von Schmuck wiederverwendet wurden.Die Verwendung von antiken griechischen und römischen Münzen für die Anfertigung von Schmuck ist sehr verbreitet aber was die Koson Münzen anbetrifft so sind bis jetzt nur ein paar Fälle bekannt, wo man mit Sicherheit über die Wiederverwendung der Münzen als Bestandteil anderer Güter sprechen kann. Es handelt sich um zwei Ringe, die sich in der Sammlung des Museums der dakischen und römischen Zivilisation in Deva befinden (Taf. I-II), eine Ringmontur aus der Sammlung des Museums für Geschichte und Archäologie des Kreises Prahova (Taf. III/1), zwei perforierte Münzen, die wahrscheinlich als Verwendung von Anhänger für Ketten dienten (Taf. III/2) und zwei Anhänger die letztes Jahr versteigert wurden (Taf. IV). Ich kann zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht andeuten, ob die zwei Anhänger aus echten antiken Münzen hergestellt wurden, weil es keine metallographischen Analysen gibt, daß das offenbaren könnte, aber im Falle eines der beiden Anhänger (Taf. IV/2) gibt es eine Echtheitsbescheinigung.Mit Sicherheit sind es diese keine Einzelfälle in denen Koson Münzen wiederverwendet wurden aber bisher konnte ich nur diese identifizieren. Es ist nicht ausgeschlossen, daß sich solche Objekte auch in anderen Privatsammlungen befinden über die ich bis jetzt keine Kenntnis habe.Ebenfalls im Betracht gezogen wird auch ein Fußbecher, daß sich in der Sammlung des Kunstmuseums aus Budapest befindet (Taf. V) datiert in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts, auf dessen Oberfläche zwei Nachahmungen der Koson Münze zugeklebt sind. Da diese Fallstudie von C. Preda für die Erörterung der Datierung der Koson Münzen in der Renaissance Zeit verwendet wurden habe ich diese Annahme kritisch behandelt und gezeigt, daß das Vorkommen von frühzeitigen Nachahmungen solcher Münzen bereits bestätigt wurde. Das bedeutet aber noch lange nicht, daß alle Koson Münzen, die wir bereits haben in derselben Zeit hergestellt worden sind.Wenn es sich um die Datierung von Schmuck handelt ist die Situation überhaupt nicht einfach, weil man auf viele Aspekte achten muss (Arbeitstechnik, Abnutzungsstufe). Wie im Falle der Koson Münzen mit einfachem Loch, die wahrscheinlich als Kette verwendet wurden, können wir auf keine Informationen hinweisen, weil die Münze seit der Antike und bis in der Gegenwart jederzeit durchlöchert werden konnte. Allerdings, im Fall der zwei Ringen (Taf. I-II) und der Montur (Taf. III/1) steht die Situation ganz anders.Zuallererst muss gesagt werden, daß im Beschreibungszettel, das auf der Webseite des Nationalinstituts für Kulturerbe (dem Kulturministerium untergeordnet) verfügbar ist, die zwei Ringe für die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts datiert wurden. Ich weiß nicht welche Kriterien es waren, die zu dieser Meinung geführt haben aber in der Presse des Jahres 1890 habe ich eine Anzeige identifiziert in der über den Verkauf von Schmuckstücke die Rede war das von einem Goldschmied aus Hermannstadt hergestellt wurde und das auch antike Münzen enthielt. Die Münzen waren aber keine Kosons sondern sie stammen aus der römischen Zeit, aus der Zeit des Königs Gordian I., wobei sie fast in der Zeit als die Anzeige veröffentlicht wurde entdeckt worden sind.Und weil es wahrscheinlich damals eine Gewohnheit war solche Funde an Goldschmieden zu verkaufen und auf Grund des Goldrausch`s das anfangs des 19. Jahrhunderts in Sarmizegetusa Regia existierte wurde die Datierung der zwei Ringe des Museum aus Deva für die zweite Hälfte des selben Jahrhunderts vorgeschlagen. Oder vielleicht wurden sie damals vom Museum aufgenommen.Nach der Auswertung anderer Ringe, habe ich festgestellt, daß die antiken, griechischen, römischen und auch barbarischen Münzen als Bestandteil von Schmuck bereits im Altertum verwendet wurden. Deshalb ist es schwer festzustellen wann die Ringe aus der Sammlung aus Deva angefertigt worden sind. Zudem muss ich noch erwähnen, daß ein ähnlicher Ring Typ wie der von Taf. I, sowohl in der römischen Zeit, im Mittelalter als auch in der Frühzeit angefertigt werden konnte. Ebenso der Ring von Taf. II hat Analogien im Mittelalter und in der Renaissance.Allerdings bin ich der Meinung, daß diese Ringe in einer Zeit der Wiederentdeckung der antiken Zivilisation angefertigt worden sind und deshalb habe ich ihre Datierung für die erste Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts vorgeschlagen. Im Falle der Ringmontur aus der Sammlung des Museums in Prahova bemerkt man die gleiche Vorgangsweise bei der Polierung der Münzen auch bei einem Ring, der sich im Museum in Deva befindet. So gehe ich davon aus, daß sie in der gleichen Zeit angefertigt wurden und möglicherweise auch von derselben Werkstatt.

Новая книга кандидата исторических наук, ведущего научного сотрудника сектора нумизматики Национального музея истории Украины –
Андрея Бойко-Гагарина
«ФАЛЬШИВОМОНЕТНИЧЕСТВО В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ В ЭПОХУ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И РАННЕГО НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ»
посвящена подделкам монет в ущерб денежному обращению. В работе изучены основные типы подделок монет, встречающихся в находках Центральной и Восточной Европы, анализируются причины появления фальсификатов, определена роль фальшивок в истории денежного обращения, локализированы потенциальные центры незаконного производства монет на территории современной Украины.
Киев, 2017. Тираж 400 шт.





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Finds of Chinese-type coins, often accompanied by forgeries and small copies of the Qing dynasty coins, occur in our time in the Far East, in the Amur River basin. In this article, was analyzed small copies of random finds from the right-bank tributary of the Amur River, the Sungari River, which made during 2015-2017. The detected regularity allow to put forward several hypotheses about the origin and destination of these types of coins.

A methodical search for the likely prototype of an extremely barbarous ancient coin is described. The coin's obverse shows parallel line segments projecting from an approximately rectangular solid shape. Several different obverse orientations are considered. The reverse appears to show a stick figure facing frontally, standing on a ground line or low platform, and holding a staff upright at the left side. Likely prototypes are sought by considering coins of relevant metal, fabric, diameter, shape, weight, and thickness, and with an emphasis on their designs. These factors combined with overall frequencies of occurrence seem to point primarily to Eastern coins as likely prototypes. However, indirect consideration of provenance based on source and context information alters the result. A Western prototype of the area from Sicily to North Africa, more specifically a so-called Lopadusan coin type, is deemed more likely though still uncertain.

The book was published in Prague in 1955
*
Annotation:
1. Findings of Celtic coins (Pavel Radoměrský)
2. Findings of Ancient coins (Eugen Pochitonov)
*
1. Würdigung durch Kelten (Pavel Radoměrský)
2. Würdigung von antiken Münzen (Eugen Pochitonov)

The Panchala kingdom in northern India produced a long series of copper coinage for several centuries. Two new kings have now been discovered through their coins: Rajnyah Bhanumitra and Rajnyah Vijayamitra. The presence of these independent kings - with their royal titles and complex iconography - indicates that Panchala coinage continued well into the Kushan era and there was no long interlude during Kushan rule in northern India. This paper presents the coins of these two Panchala kings and discusses the importance of this discovery.

The newly written paper for Roman imperial silver coins is expanding the studied area of counterfeited silver coins discovered on archaeological sites by analyzing a hole geographic region stretching from the middle Danube in the East to the shores of the lower Rhine in the West. Aiming to prove the existence of a centralize pattern regarding silver plated coins distribution, the study expanded its investigation to include the random appearance of hybrid and plated hybrid coins. Besides this the focus will remain on counterfeited pieces, their proportions and distribution, with a smaller case study for the Severian period during when most plated pieces were dated for. Towards the end of the study new results can finally support previous debated arguments regarding coin distribution and patterns of distribution in frontier provinces, alongside with Rome's approach to silver plated pieces.

Bruno Jané et Philippe Schiesser, Les outils monétaires du Musée de La Cour d’or - Metz Métropole et les techniques de fabrications du « Grand Est », actes du colloque coorganisé par la SENA et le Musée de La Cour d’Or – Metz Métropole « Le monnayage à Metz et en Pays lorrain de l'Antiquité à nos jours » du 27 au 30 septembre 2018, Recherches et travaux de la Société d’Études Numismatiques et Archéologiques 9, 2019, p. 195-222.

El imperio bizantino 1 , tomado como un ente autárquico del imperio romano de occidente, fue uno de los más longevos de la historia. Duró más de 1000 años transitando toda la Edad Tardoantigua y Edad Media, siendo trascendental para el contexto político y religioso de la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea. Como mencionábamos, siempre que se nombra la Edad Media la referenciamos con la caída del imperio romano, la decadencia del saber, las cruzadas, los caballeros, el feudalismo... No obstante, el imperio romano en realidad no cayó y continuó durante toda la Edad Media gracias al imperio que modernamente llamamos «Bizantino», manteniendo la grandeza de la cultura griega 2 y romana por varios siglos más. Esta porción del imperio romano continuó siendo rica, poderosa, ilustrada y culta, mientras Europa Occidental se encontraba debilitada, dividida, sumida en la ignorancia y la barbarie. Ni Europa, ni América serían como son en la actualidad, si el imperio bizantino no hubiese frenado el avance musulmán a Europa, al menos hasta su caída en 1453 d.C., cuando Europa se encontraba ya fortalecida para defenderse por sí sola. La relevancia histórica del imperio bizantino pudo lograrse, en gran parte, gracias a los cambios generados en sus inicios, entre ellos la «Reforma monetaria de Anastasio» que veremos más adelante.

As moedas sempre tiveram um papel fundamental na economia do contexto geográfico no qual estavam inseridas. Ademais dessa importância, elas servem como um grande indicador e fator de estudo para ajudar-nos na compreensão da sociedade. Qual a importância delas na Bíblia? O seguinte artigo amplia essa compreensão.