Centralization

Winner – 2021 Manfred Lautenschlaeger Award for Theological Promise. Reviewed in:
Vetus Testamentum, 72, no. 2 (2022): 348–350.
https://brill.com/view/journals/vt/72/2/article-p348_13.xml
Review of Biblical Literature (05/2022):
https://www.sblcentral.org/API/Reviews/13524_72038.pdf
Review of Biblical Literature (03/2022):
https://www.sblcentral.org/home/bookDetails/13524
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 45, no. 5 (Book List 2021) :
https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1177/030908922110017
Rivista Biblica Italiana 69, no. 2 (2021), 277–82
https://www.academia.edu/77359238/Recensioni_03_Bianchi_J_Rhyder_Centralizing_the_Cult_The_Holiness_Legislation_in_Leviticus_17_26_FAT_134_Mohr_Siebeck_T%C3%BCbingen_2019_
Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 83, no. 1 (2021): 131–33.
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/781558
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 133, no. 2 (2021): 288–89.
https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1515/zaw-2021-2007
AJS Review, 44, no. 2 (2020): 414–16.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0364009420000148
Old Testament Abstracts, 43 (2020): 885–86.
Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische Rechtgeschichte 26 (2020): 321–24.
https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.13173/zeitaltobiblrech.26.2020.0321

This work provides new insights into the relationship between the Holiness legislation in Leviticus 17–26 and processes of cultic centralization in the Persian period. The author departs from the classical theory that Leviticus 17–26 merely presume, with minor modifications, a concept of centralization articulated in Deuteronomy. She shows how Leviticus 17–26 use ritual legislation to make a new, and distinctive case as to why the Israelites must defer to a central sanctuary, standardized ritual processes, and a hegemonic priesthood. This discourse of centralization reflects the historical challenges that faced priests in Jerusalem during the Persian era: in particular, the need to compensate for the loss of a royal sponsor, to pool communal resources in order to meet socio-economic pressures, and to find new means of negotiating with the sanctuary at Mount Gerizim and with a growing diaspora.

https://books.google.ch/books?id=h_u1DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

A hulladékgazdálkodási közszolgáltatás kötelezően igénybe veendő szolgáltatás, amely minden ingatlanhasználót (magánszemélyeket, közületeket egyaránt) érint. E kutatás keretei között arra kerestünk válaszokat, hogy a közszolgáltatások magyarországi reformja mennyiben igazodik a fogyasztói érdekekhez, igényekhez. A szakirodalom utal arra, hogy mindazon közszolgáltatások körében, ahol az utóbbi években beavatkozott az állam a helyi szolgáltatásszervezésbe, korlátozva/kizárva a versenyt, elvonva a szolgáltatók gazdasági eredményét (rezsicsökkentéssel, új adókkal, központi árszabályozással), központosítással, már-már tendencia az ellátás minőségének romlása.  Azt vizsgáltuk, hogy ez megmutatkozik-e a hulladékgazdálkodással kapcsolatos fogyasztói panaszokban? Van-e a fogyasztói panaszok kezelésének olyan sajátos rendje, amelyik tükrözi a szektor átalakuló szerkezetét, abban a felelősség megoszlását a különböző szereplők között?
Kutatásunk során igyekeztünk hasznosítani a közszolgáltatás helyzetére vonatkozó szakirodalmi adatokat, illetve saját, korábbi eredményeinket. Emellett számos interjút készítettünk, egykori és jelenlegi közszolgáltatóknál. Áttekintettük a fogyasztóvédelmi hatóságnak az ágazatra vonatkozó, az interneten megtalált éves elemzéseit, számos a közszolgáltató internetes oldalát, illetve a közszolgáltatást koordináló szervezet honlapját, panaszkezelési szabályzatát és egyéb dokumentumait. Munkánkat nehezítette, hogy az érintettek (fogyasztóvédelmi hatóság, koordináló szervezet) honlapjáról csak töredékesen lehet elérni a megfelelő dokumentumokat (például jogerős hatósági határozatokhoz csak csekély számban sikerült hozzájutni). Ezek tükrében ugyan a joggyakorlat leírása nem lehetséges empirikus módszerekkel, de további kutatásokhoz hipotéziseket, illetve bizonyos jelenségek magyarázatához adalékokat szolgáltathatunk.

Why does China, geographically the third largest country in the world, have only one time zone, while Australia, nearly as big, has six?  Concentrating on the Chinese case, we argue that control over time zones represents an example of  “symbolic centralization,” the degree to which the central state concentrates intangible or symbolic resources that reinforce and assert state control, often invisibly, over people’s everyday lives. Few state actions shape citizens’ quotidian experience as fundamentally as symbolic action like setting the boundaries of time, yet political scientists have generally elided the implications of temporal authority.  And those few scholars who discuss symbolic power in a systematic way have not considered how its degree of concentration varies cross-nationally.  Symbolic centralization provides insights into how a distant political center may continue to shape fundamental aspects of daily life even while scoring low on resource-oriented quantitative measures of centralism.  Using qualitative data and introducing a new quantitative “symbolic centralization” index, this article disaggregates the concept from the more commonly studied fiscal and political centralization through evidence from both conventional and anomalous cases.

《唐律疏议》中，有一类特殊的犯罪主体：尊长。他们因其身份在而为子孙的行为承担罪责，可称为“尊长身份犯”。这些规定和国家赋予他们的尊长特权构成一种“对称性”的义务，两者构成一个整体，建构起了宗法国家对社会的控制结构，即国家通过尊长控制家族、进而建立起以家族为社会基本单位的权力控制结构，进一步地，这种控制结构并没有为个体设立法律上的独立人格。不过，同样存家长权力的古罗马却没有因为宗法控制而在法律上否认个体的法律人格，相反它强化了个体脱离家族的独立。通过比较分析这两种制度不同的社会背景，将有助于更全面地理解唐律“尊长身份犯”的立法原理；进一步地，在揭示法律责任主体中的人格设定和与之相对应的社会控制结构之间制度关联的基础上，^^^^^

The branches of organization and management from the tree of commerce resemble essential ingredients in understanding a business, be it large or small. Skills in performing critical analysis and evaluation in this genre becomes imperative for strategic decision-making. Thus, this research paper features the selection of two large companies namely, Microsoft Corporation and Costco Wholesale Corporation-which are brought to table for an extensive yet logical comparison in terms of their organizational structure, organizational charts, chain of command, span of control, departmentalization, centralization, decentralization, the role of management and the power of leadership. The comparison shall lead to a similarities-differences portal that shall clarify the analysis and evaluation whilst reemphasizing that regardless of the differences, the companies are soaring at unbeatable success.

Recent Developments in The Turkish Local Government System in The Context Of Centralization And Decentralization Debates (2012-2018) başlıklı kitap bölümünün Türkçe versiyonu

Türkiye’de 2000’li yıllar idari reform geleneği içinde önemli kırılmalar olarak adlandırılabilecek yasal değişikliklere sahne olmuştur. 2004 ve 2005 yıllarında İl Özel İdareleri, Belediyeler ve Büyükşehir Belediye kanunları çıkarılarak yerel yönetim sistemimiz üzerindeki merkeziyetçi vurgu kısmen de olsa azaltılmıştır. 2012 yılında Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunu bir kez daha kapsamlı bir şekilde değiştirilmiştir. Bu değişikliğin bazı kısımları pek çok çalışmada merkeziyetçi paradigmaya geri dönüş olarak okunmaktadır. Bu çalışma 6360 sayılı yasayla oluşturulan büyükşehir düzenini, büyükşehir özelinde derinleştirilen merkeziyetçilik ve İl Özel İdarelerinin kaldırılmasıyla oluşan boşluğu doldurmak üzere ihdas edilen Yatırım İzleme ve Koordinasyon Başkanlıkları eliyle oluşturulan merkeziyetçilik başlıklarında analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihindeki darbe girişi ardından çıkarılan 674 sayılı KHK ile belediye başkanlarının görevden alınarak yerlerine merkezi idare ya da onun taşradaki yetkilileri eliyle belediye başkanı görevlendirilmesi de yine merkeziyetçilik yerellik ekseninde analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmanın temel vurgusu yerel yönetim alanındaki bu gelişmelerin, merkeziyetçilik-yerellik ekseninden çok kanun koyucunun yaptığı “hizmet mi? demokratik değerler mi?” tercihi çerçevesinde analiz edilmesi gerekliliğidir.

Responding to David Harvey’s critique of my paper ‘Why a radical geography must be anarchist’, I once again reiterate the importance of anarchist perspectives in contemporary politics and geographical praxis. In challenging Harvey on the limits to Marx, I urge him to think again about the hidden vanguardism, implied statism, and veiled hierarchy that continue to lurk within the Marxist project, and importantly how these specters constrain both our collective political imagination and the possibilities of radical geography. I am admittedly very critical of Harvey, but I nonetheless refuse to close the door on dialogue between the Black and Red, even in the face of ongoing Marxist ridicule of anarchist politics. Accordingly, I propose an agonistic embrace of a ‘postfraternal’ or ‘postsororal’ politics on the left, where we come to appreciate ongoing conflict as a sign of a healthy leftist milieu. In doing so we can move beyond the misguided idea that all disagreements over strategies, tactics, and organizing methods will ever be resolved. Ultimately, what I have dubbed ‘the condition of postfraternity’ keeps us alert to the continually unfolding possibilities of a thoroughly politicized and forever protean space. By embracing this shifting horizon, not as a static limit to our politics, but as a beautiful enabler of visionary possibilities, the rhizomes of emancipation grow stronger.

This paper suggests a format for conducting case studies on the issues of centralization and decentralization in the context of MIS. The problems are stated, evidence presented and questions are posed for which operational measures of the variables have been presented. It is hoped that many organizations will be motivated to perform such case analyses in order to generate a body of data on these issues.

This dissertation addresses issues of state integration for ancient residents of the city of Copán and the contemporary Chortí-Maya of Honduras through a community archaeological project. Today a UNESCO World Heritage site, Copán was a major center of ancient Maya commerce and ideology during the Classic Period (AD 400-900). My research shows how specific Copán kings chose to exert control over a wide area in the eighth century, and how local residents creatively negotiated the state’s involvement in their lives. I build on the rich history of archaeological fieldwork at Copán by involving local community members through a sustained educational effort. I incorporate scholarship in political anthropology with urban studies and practice theory to argue that the intermediate scale of a neighborhood is well suited for assessing citywide political dynamics.

Fieldwork included remapping the urban neighborhood of San Lucas, and excavating four households within it to document their dynamic life history. I focus on changes at these households over time, attending to episodes of landscape engineering, architectural construction, and trends in ceramics, obsidian, and other material culture. I chronologically articulate my findings at San Lucas with political
events recorded by the hieroglyphs at Copán’s center. I use this synthesis as a proxy for the state’s tight or loose integration with surrounding communities to demonstrate moments when the state was more or less centralized. Sometimes political events at the city center did not perceptibly affect everyday life in San Lucas, other times new state policies forever changed the local social and economic landscape.

Concurrent with fieldwork, I co-taught a 10-month introductory anthropology course for 20 indigenous high school students, and discovered how questions of state integration in the past are also meaningful for young adults in present-day Copán. As the Pan-Maya Movement gains momentum in Honduras, the Chortí-Maya indigenous councils of Copán negotiate between their newly won autonomy
and simultaneous reliance on local governments and state power. My work demonstrates how and why neighborhoods are an ideal venue to understand the social processes that maintain states, a challenge for the contemporary world and for archaeologists as well.

My article explores the link between the creation of new forms of information storing and state power in Walachia during the 18th century. The extant Romanian literature on the topic failed to systematically analyze the emergence and the political dimension of new forms of information storing in Wallachia during the 18th century. Focusing on the multiplication and specialization of registers (condici) used by the Wallachian central administration and judiciary, my article fills this gap and sheds light on the changing nature of the Wallachian state in the course of the 18th century. Hence, I argue that the storing of social knowledge by central state and church institutions enhanced the infrastructural reach of the state and contributed to the naturalization of state power.

ÖZET
İşlevini yitirmiş sağlıksız kent ve kent çevrelerinin yeniden inşa edilerek, yenilenerek veyahut ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel yönden canlandırılarak topluma kazandırılmasını amaçlayan kentsel dönüşüm faaliyetleri yerel yönü ağır bir basan bir takım idari işlemler sürecidir. Çalışmamızda kentsel dönüşümü doğrudan ele alan düzenlemeler ile hedefleyen düzenlemeler yerinden yönetim ilkesi bağlamında ele alınmıştır.

ABSTRACT

Urban regeneration activities aiming at bringing unhealthy urban and urban areas that have lost their functions to the society by rebuilding, renewing or revitalizing from the economic, social and cultural aspects are some of the administrative processes that take place locally. In our work, the arrangements directly addressing urban regeneration and the targeted arrangements have been dealt with in the context of decentralization.

ÖZ Mahalli idare birlikleri, yerel yönetimlerin tek başlarına yapamadıkları faaliyetler ve ortaklığa ihtiyaç duydukları alanlar için kendi aralarında kurdukları işbirliği zemininin tüzel kişiliğe bürünmüş halini ifade etmektedir. Bu birlikler, mekânsal ölçeklere göre kurulduğu gibi, çeşitli amaçları gerçekleştirmek üzere de kurulabilirler. Dünyanın birçok yerinde yaygın olarak faaliyet gösteren mahalli idare birlikleri; Türkiye'de anayasal bir zeminde yer bulmalarına rağmen 2005 yılına kadar yasal bir çerçeveye sahip olamamışlardır. Yerel yönetim birlikleri, 2012 yılında çıkarılan 6360 sayılı kanun sonrasında sayısal ve işlevsel olarak etkinliklerini kaybetmiş görünmektedirler. Mevcut durum, yerelleşmeye zarar veren merkezileşme politikalarının ağırlık kazandığı bir yapıya işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; mahalli idare birliklerinin dünyadaki görünümünden hareketle Türkiye'deki durumunun ortaya konulması ve belediye birlikleri özelinde etkinliğin arttırılabilmesi için yapılabilecekler hakkında öngörülerde bulunulmasıdır. Bu çerçevede yerel yönetim birliklerinin yapılarıyla ve işleyişleriyle ilgili çeşitli bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna ilaveten yerel yönetim birliklerinin mevcut durumları ortaya koyularak gelecekteki yapılarıyla ve durumlarıyla ilgili çıkarımlarda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mahalli İdare Birlikleri, Yerel Yönetim, Yerelleşme, 5355, 6360.

Zusammenfassung:
Der Beitrag fragt nach der Lokalisierung des ungenannten zentralen Kultortes in Dtn 12* und davon abhängigen Texten sowie den Gründen der Etablierung dieser Leerstelle im Kontext des Deuteronomiums. Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Debatte um sachliche und theologische Differenzierungen innerhalb der Deuteronomismen in Dtn-2Kön werden die literarische Kernüberlieferung Dtn 12,13-19 sowie ihre Fortschreibungsstufen auf die Identität des einen Maqom hin befragt, welcher spätestens ab persischer Zeit auch positiv auf den Garizim bezogen werden konnte.

Abstract:
This article investigates the localization of the unnamed central place of worship in Deut 12* and related texts. Additionally the article explores the reasons for establishing this Leerstelle in the context of the (" Ur "-)Deuteronomy. The question of the identity of the Maqom, which from Persian times onwards at the latest could also be positively related to the Samaritan sanctuary on Mt. Gerizim, is risen against the background of the current debate about factual and theological differentiations within Deuteronomisms in Deut-2Kings. The core tradition Deut 12,13-19 and its literary growth and subsequent redactional linking with (Jos-)1Sam-2Kings will be examined.

One of the most significant current discussions in education in Europe is decentralization of schools. This paper will focus on the current education system on North Cyprus which is very centralized. This paper seeks to describe centralization and decentralization in education. Furthermore, this paper seeks to explore the legal regulations in North Cyprus and how education is controlled. In this paper I argue that North Cyprus will have to move towards a decentralized system very soon. This essay critically examines the findings from an interview with a primary school principal in North Cyprus.

La descentralización se ha impuesto como un tema de trascendental importancia para América Latina. Los avances en los procesos de democratización y descentralización colocan a las municipalidades como centro del debate respecto a la organización y modernización del Estado. En República Dominicana los estudios para la construcción de una agenda sobre descentralización son relativamente recientes y sus intentos de descentralización política han sido entendidos como procesos de transferencia de competencias a organizaciones territoriales y funcionales políticamente autónomas concentrados fundmentalmente en el nivel municipal.

This article reviews the textual transmission of the ban on local butchery in Leviticus 17:3–4. It explores the importance of the manuscripts from the Dead Sea, in particular 4QLevd and 11Q19, for interpreting the plus at verse 4, attested in the Septuagint and in the Samaritan Pentateuch, as well as the change in address in v. 3, which is found in the Septuagint. In contrast to certain recent studies that treat these textual variants as evidence of ancient attempts to tone down the totalizing ban on local butchery, this article concludes that the plus in verse 4, as well as the gloss in verse 3, reinforces the ban on slaughter outside the sanctuary.

In the perspective of the history of ideas, this working paper focuses on the theoretical relationships between the social science and natural science in the context of Parisian early Socialism. This working paper deals with the influence of epistemological models (“encyclopedic” approach and analogical approach) in the first phase of French social science; then, it examines how this context articulate the scientific understanding of society with the social and political action. These pages aim to highlight how the organicistic model, developed in the 1830s and 1840s, assesses the complexity in the field of knowledge of society.

Dans une perspective d’histoire des idées, ce papier envisage la question des rapports entre la science sociale et les sciences naturelles dans le premier socialisme parisien. Il est tout d’abord question de comprendre l’influence des modèles épistémologiques (approche encyclopédique et approche analogique), pour ensuite interroger les manières de conjuguer compréhension scientifique de la société et action sociale et politique. Le but de ces pages est de mettre en évidence comment, dans les années 1830 et 1840, l’organicisme dans le champ de l’intelligence de la société est une approche valorisant la complexité.

Lo studio analizza il processo di centralizzazione degli acquisti pubblici in Italia. Vengono esaminate la progressiva istituzionalizzazione del sistema di acquisti pub-blici attraverso Consip e i soggetti aggregatori, i cambiamenti normativi in materia di cen-tralizzazione degli acquisti per gli enti locali e le disposizioni del nuovo Codice Appalti relative alla qualificazione delle stazioni appaltanti. Nella seconda parte viene condotta un'analisi empirica della centralizzazione degli acquisti. Vengono rilevate le principali problematiche del processo di centralizzazione relative allo spostamento intertemporale nelle aggiudicazioni di lavori in relazione ai cambi di normativa, una serie di potenziali sprechi dovuti all'aumento artificioso delle procedure di gara sotto la soglia dei 150mila euro. Viene inoltre evidenziato come l'accentramento della spesa riduca solo in parte l'elevatissimo grado di frazionamento delle stazioni appaltanti esistente prima del 2016.

The construction industry is one of the sectors contributing to the Malaysian economy and is regarded as an important component of the Malaysian economy. At the same time, as the number of building projects rises, the amount of waste created by building projects also increases, which also has many negative effects on the environment and public health. To reduce the amount of waste created by construction projects, waste must be properly handled and effective practices in the management of construction waste must be implemented in all construction industries. This research paper aims to answer these problems above in order to: 1) to investigate the relationship between formalization structure and construction waste management in Pahang construction industries; and 2) to investigate the relationship between centralization structure and construction waste management in Pahang construction industries. Data were obtained from 107 respondents among construction companies in Pahang. The PL...