Correlation coefficient

This paper presents the results of ground vibration measurements carried out in Hisarcik Boron open pit mine located on the west side of central Anatolia near Kütahya province in Turkey. Within the scope of this study to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) level for this site, ground vibration components were measured for 304 shots during bench blasting. In blasting operations, ANFO (blasting agent), gelatin dynamite (priming), and delay electric detonators (firing) were used as explosives. Parameters of scaled distance (charge quantity per delay and the distance between the source and the station) were recorded carefully and the ground vibration components were measured for all blast events using two different types of vibration monitors (one White Mini-Seis and one Instantel Minimate Plus Model). The absolute distances between shot points and monitor stations were determined using GPS. The equation of square root scaled distance extensively used in the literature was taken into consideration for the prediction of PPV. Then, the data pairs of scaled distance and particle velocity obtained from the 565 event records were analyzed statistically. At the end of statistical evaluation of the data pairs, an empirical relation which gives 50% prediction line with a reasonable correlation coefficient was established between PPV and scaled distance.

Bricks are one of the most important items of construction activities. India is the second largest brick producer in the world. It is continuously expanding on account of a rapid increase in demand for bricks in infrastructure and housing project. In order to meet this demand, over 150,000 brick units provide direct employment to more than 8 million workers. The annual turnover of the industry is Rs. 8000 crore (Approx). With the restriction in use of clay in manufacturing of bricks, fly ash brick is best substitute for it. Growing awareness among the prospective and potential building & consistent efforts by Govt. fly ash brick is incorporate in the schedule of various construction agencies. With the change of demand of the society, fly ash bricks are gradually increasing day by day not only in the metropolitan cities but also in urban & rural sector. All construction works are dependent on bricks. This research paper presents a comparison of fly ash bricks and clay bricks. Data is collected through questionnaires and personal interviews targeting Consultants, Engineers, and Traders. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is adopted to evaluate the responses collected from the respondent by Independent Samples T-test.

Objective The present study aims to document the experience of a single center on the reproductive outcome of a cohort of women who were treated with conservative surgery for borderline ovarian tumors and to specify whether their fertility potential is associated with age, tumor histology and surgery type. Methods A total of 55 women who had undergone conservative surgery for borderline ovarian tumors between January 1999 and January 2009 were eligible. Recurrence rate, fertility outcome and the number of pregnancies were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among the study group, 11 women were not sexually active both at the time of surgery and during the follow-up period. Thus, a total of 44 patients attempted pregnancy after conservative surgery and 52.3% of them (23 out of 44) were able to conceive either spontaneously or by in vitro fertilization. The ability to conceive was shown to be associated with age, tumor histology and type of conservative surgery. As expected, the fertility potential correlated positively with decreasing age (correlation coefficient = 0.705, p = 0.001). Moreover, the existence of non-serous histology and the implementation of unilateral cystectomy were found to be associated with the ability to reach a clinical pregnancy (correlation coefficient = 0.585, p = 0.001 and correlation coefficient = 0.587, p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions The primary treatment of borderline ovarian tumors refers to conservative surgery. Younger age, non-serous histology and unilateral cystectomy appear to be associated with favorable reproductive outcome in women who undergo conservative surgery for borderline malignancy of ovary.

This study proposes a simple estimate of hamstring length at initial contact (LEST) for use when musculoskeletal modelling is not available. The estimate is calculated by using the kinematic curves to measure the excessive flexion (above normal) at the hip and knee at initial contact. The excessive hip flexion is then multiplied by a scaling factor (k) and the excessive knee flexion subtracted from the result. Validation of this estimate was carried out using kinematic gait data from 25 children with cerebral palsy (50 limbs) by comparing the results of the estimate with an equivalent measure derived from musculoskeletal modelling (LTRUE). Very high agreement was found when LTRUE and LEST were compared for the three biarticular hamstring muscles, demonstrated by correlation coefficients of over 0.9. Different k values were tested with a value of 3 giving the best results overall. The estimate is acceptable as a simple ‘rule of thumb’ for use in clinical practice. It can provide useful additional information to complement the clinical examination and gait assessment results.

Energy consumption model of peeling process is required to optimise main influenced factors as well as to limit peeling waste and consumed energy. Mechanical peeling process using an abrasive-cutter brush which applies both abrasive a nd cutting forces was modeled. Choosing the input and output variables which would be industria lly applicable was attempted. Three variables, namely, angular velocities of abrasive-c utter brush ( ωp), the degree of unevenness of produce surface ( φ), and the shape of the abrasive-cutter brush ( λ), were chosen as independent variables and the peel losses per unit time were ch osen as the output of the model. The developed model was verified using the experimental results o f peeling by abrasive-cutter brush for two varieties of pumpkin named Jarrahdale and Jap. The results showed correlation coefficients between predicted and experimental values of the Ja p (0.98) and Jarrahdale (0.96) were statistically significant. It is concluded that the relation...

A randomization method is developed for the calculation of covariation between multiple variables that are linked nonlinearly to a dependent variable. Covariation is a phenomenon often invoked in the study of movement coordination to capture the fact that in coordinated movement the outcome shows greater than expected consistency from the variability in the component processes. However, in most cases, the problem is that more than two variables covary in a nonlinear fashion, which makes quantification with the bivariate linear covariation and correlation coefficient inapplicable. This paper presents a generalization of the calculation of linear bivariate covariance using a variant of a randomization method that is based on the comparison between the empirically measured variability in the outcome and a covariation-free variability. The latter can be estimated by permuting data sets. A generalized correlation coefficient is derived, and it is shown how errors of estimation can be qua...

For centuries, land degradation triggered by deforestation has occurred in Ethiopia, in particular in the northern regional state Tigray, the area under study. In order to change this situation, the local government started to establish enclosures. In these sites, grazing is no longer permitted so that forest can naturally regenerate. In order to develop sustainable yield planning for forest rehabilitation

Quantum mechanics has revolutionized the way we view the physical world. This theory has required a dramatic revision in the structure of the laws of mechanics governing the behavior of the particles and lead to the discovery of macroscopic quantum e¤ects ranging from lasers and superconductivity to neutron stars and radiation from black holes. Though its validity is well con…rmed by the experimental evidence available, quantum mechanics remains somewhat of a mystery. The purpose of this study is to identify students’conceptual and mathematical di¢ culties in learning the core concepts of introductory quantum mechanics, with the eventual goal of developing instructional material to help students with these di¢ culties. We have investigated student understanding of several core topics in the introductory courses, including quantum measurement, probability, Uncertainty Principle, wave functions, energy eigenstates, recognizing symmetry in physical systems, and mathematical formalism. ...

Forty-one type and reference strains of Lactobacillus were evaluated using their randomly amplified polymorphic DNA band profiles. Developed bands for each strain were distinct and enabled discrimination. The best correlations were obtained applying the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) together with the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages algorithm. All of the strains were clearly differentiated at and below the 72% similarity value. Species discrimination might be possible making use of the distinctly polymorphic bands amplified specific to a strain.

Study Objective: To determine whether intraoperative fluid management in spine surgery predicts postoperative intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS).Design: Retrospective case series.Setting: University-affiliated medical center.Patients: 103 adult ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing spine surgery.Interventions: Patients were divided into three LOS groups: no ICU stay (LOS0) (n = 26), 1 day ICU stay (LOS1) (n

The albedo of snow is determined in part by the size and shape of snow crystals, especially in the short wave infrared (SWIR). Many models of snow albedo represent snow crystals by spheres of surface/volume (S/V) ratio equal to that of snow crystals. However, the actual S/V ratio of snow has never been measured simultaneously with the albedo, for a thorough test of models. Using CH4 adsorption at 77 K, we have measured the specific surface area (SSA) of snow samples, i.e. its ratio S/(V · ρ), where ρ is the density of ice, together with the snow spectral albedo using a field radiometer with nadir viewing, at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Tests are performed at 1310, 1629, 1740 and 2260 nm, and we find a good correlation between the SSA and the snow spectral albedo in the SWIR (linear correlation coefficient R2 > 0.98 for the last 3 wavelengths). Snow samples having varied crystals shapes such as rounded crystals in windpacks and hollow faceted crystals in depth hoar were studied and crystal shape did not affect the correlation in a detectable manner. An interest in using SSA rather than crystal size to predict SWIR albedo is that the reflectance of large hollow crystals such as depth hoar or surface hoar will be correctly predicted from their SSA, while considering their large dimensions would underestimate reflectance. We compare these correlations to those predicted by commonly used optical models. The best agreement is found when we compare our data to the modeled hemispheric reflectance, corrected by an adjustable factor that shows a small wavelength dependence. We propose that, once these results have been confirmed by more studies, it may be possible to design a rapid and simple optical method to measure snow SSA in the field. Our results may also allow a more detailed use of remote sensing data to study snow metamorphism, air–snow exchanges of gases, and climate.

A method was validated for the multi-residue analysis of 82 pesticides in grapes at ≤25 ng/g level. Berry samples (10 g) mixed with sodium sulphate (10 g) were extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL); cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction and the results were obtained by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Reduction in sample size and proportion of ethyl acetate for extraction did not affect accuracy or precision of analysis when compared to the reported methods and was also statistically similar to the QuEChERS technique. The method was rugged (HorRat < 0.5) with <20% measurement uncertainties. Limit of quantification was <10 ng/g with recoveries 70–120% for most pesticides. The method offers cheaper and safer alternative to typical multi-residue analysis methods for grape.