Criminal Law

This essay argues that the public defender should not undertake, or fail to undertake, any action to the legal detriment of a client on the basis of a conflict the attorney perceives between religious and professional responsibility, except for imminent death or serious bodily harm to another. Having accepted the responsibility of representing indigent criminal defendants, the public defender is duty-bound to not compromise that responsibility for competing religious obligations. This argument rests on four premises: (1) the public defender occupies a unique position in our legal system, and options available to private interest lawyers or other clients should not be available to the public defender; (2) any deviation from the governing professional constraints in representing a client that stems from conflicting religious belief and harms the client is both professional unethical and immoral; (3) religion is at best equivocal in addressing the propriety of specific actions taken or...

When seeking drug reform we should avoid the deeply entrenched anti-drug narratives that have dominated drug policy debate. These narratives are often rooted in fallacy, distortion and sweeping generalisations, whereas, reform must maintain integrity and stay firmly rooted in reason, rationale, science and evidence. We need to be clear, we don't have a global drug problem - we have a global drug policy problem, and the cause of the problem isn't gangsters - it's governments.

This is a draft version of the paper. To view the final product through Springer (open access), click here: https://rdcu.be/bJm8m

Brain-computer interfaces allow agents to control computers without moving their bodies. The agents imagine certain things and the brain-computer interfaces read the concomitant neural activity and operate the computer accordingly. But the use of brain-computer interfaces is problematic for criminal law, which requires that someone can only be found criminally responsible if they have satisfied the actus reus requirement: that the agent has performed some (suitably specified) conduct. Agents who affect the world using brain-computer interfaces do not obviously perform any conduct, so when they commit crimes using brain-computer interfaces it is unclear how they have satisfied actus reus. Drawing on a forthcoming paper by Allan McCay, I suggest three potential accounts of the conduct that satisfies actus reus: the agent’s neural firings, his mental states, and the electronic activity in his brain-computer interface. I then present two accounts which determine how actus reus may be satisfied – one a counterfactual and the other a minimal sufficiency account. These accounts are lent plausibility because they are analogous to the but-for and NESS (Necessary Element in a Sufficient Set) tests for causation which are generally accepted tests for causation in legal theory. I argue that due to the determinations of these accounts and considerations regarding the relationship between the mind and brain, actus reus is satisfied by either the agent’s neural activity or brain-computer interface electrical activity. Which of these satisfies actus reus is determined by how well the brain-computer interface is functionally integrated with the agent.

This paper responds to continuing commentary on Velmans (2002a) “How could conscious experiences affect brains,” a target article for a special issue of JCS. I focus on the final question dealt with by the target article: how free will relates to preconscious and conscious mental processing, and I develop the case for preconscious free will.  Although “preconscious free will” might appear to be a contradiction in terms, it is consistent with the scientific evidence and provides a parsimonious way to reconcile the commonsense view that voluntary acts are freely chosen with the evidence that conscious wishes and decisions are determined by preconscious processing in the mind/brain.  I consider alternative interpretations of how “conscious free will” might operate by Libet and by Mangan and respond to doubts about the extent to which the operations of mind are revealed in consciousness, raised by Claxton and Bouratinos. In reconciling commonsense attributions of freedom and responsibility with the findings of science, preconscious free will can be shown to have practical consequences for adjudications in law.

In this numer of the Illyrius (12, I-2019)) have collaborate: Prof. Dr. Enrico Mezzetti, Prof.assoc. Dr. Ersi Bozheku, Alama Lama (Dr. Cand.), Andi Civilci (Dr. Cand.) & Arbesa Kurti (Msc.), Prof. Dr. Giorgio Spangher, Dr. Ramona Coman, Dr. Ximena Modovan, Ledia Hysi (Dr. Cand.), Avv. Antonio Martini

SOMMARIO: 1. La poliedricità della confisca nel prisma della ragionevolezza costituzionale. — 2. Il banco di prova degli abusi di mercato: l’incostituzionalità (parziale) dell’art. 187-sexies TUF in materia di confisca amministrativa. — 3. I parametri costituzionali del giudizio di proporzionalità delle pene/sanzioni punitive: il progressivo ridimensionamento del tertium comparationis e il suo abbandono nella sent. n. 112/2019. — 4. Le nozioni di “prodotto”, “profitto” e “beni utilizzati” nella confisca conseguente all’illecito amministrativo di abuso di informazioni privilegiate. — 5. Carattere punitivo (e sproporzionato) della confisca del prodotto vs. funzione ripristinatoria della confisca del profitto. — 6. La proporzionalità della “risposta sanzionatoria complessiva”. — 7. Dalla “pena” alla “sanzione”: il problematico inquadramento delle confische e l’esigenza di una nuova sistematica. — 8. Proporzione tra fatto e sanzione, proporzione rispetto agli scopi e proporzione rispetto agli effetti (sul destinatario). — 9. Considerazioni conclusive. Polifunzionalità della confisca e polidimensionalità della ragionevolezza-proporzione.

The focus of the discussion in this article is, what is the specific minimum criminal stipulation in law of Republic of Indonesia on Corruption Eradication can be an effective means to prevent disparity? The data is analyzed descriptively qulaitative. Discussion results show that based on formulative policies, specific minimum criminal provisions in the Corruption Act are deemed ineffective in preventing criminal disparity, on the contrary as the cause of criminal disparity. Because the minimum criminal threat is too light compared to the maximum criminal threat. In addition, the Corruption Act is not regulated on criminal guidelines as the basis for judges in decision-making. Therefore, in the future there should be an effort to revise the minimum criminal provisions in the law so that the minimum criminal threat is proportional to the maximum threat. In addition, it needs to be regulated on the guidelines of punishment.

Keywords: specific minimum criminal; disparity; corruption; corruption act; analysis; guidelines

Ακαδημαϊκή εργασία στο "Ιατρικό Δίκαιο" με κεντρικό θέμα την ιατρική ευθύνη στην ανθρωποκτονία με συναίνεση, κατά το Ελληνικό Ποινικό Δίκαιο.

Academic assignment in "Medical Law Course" at the topic of "Medical responsibility in homicide with consent", according to Greek Criminal Law.

[T]he law recognizes that we inherently have to bear the risk of the "tattletale" but draws the line at concluding that we must also bear, as the price of choosing to speak to another human being, the risk of having a permanent electronic recording made of our words. R. v. Duarte (1990), 1 SCR 30 at 48, 53 CCC (3d) 1.

This is a pre-print of chapter one from AP Simester, Fundamentals of Criminal Law: Responsibility, Culpability, and Wrongdoing (Oxford University Press, 2021)
global.oup.com/academic/product/fundamentals-of-criminal-law-9780198853145

This chapter provides a theoretical overview of criminal law, claiming that it has multiple functions. Among other things, the criminal law operates to prevent certain kinds of wrongs, and to punish them when they occur. Those functions are compatible; but they are often thought to be in tension. Whether preventive, interrogative, or punitive, all parts of the criminal justice system need justification. The chapter then briefly introduces at five foundational principles for criminal law: culpability, legitimate enactment, moral responsibility, wrongdoing, and ascriptive responsibility. Culpability is served by moral responsibility, and it is entwined with wrongdoing: but the latter principles, and the doctrines they govern, are independently significant. The principle of ascriptive responsibility, on the other hand, is related more closely to wrongdoing and legitimate enactment than to culpability per se. Its primary function is to moderate the state’s generic prohibition by identifying those defendants who fall within its scope. As such, it is primarily a criminalization principle.

The article discusses the postulate of increasing the victim's significance in criminal proceed-ings, with particular regard to the principle of respect for their dignity. At the outset, the rights and duties of the aggrieved party and the concept of source of evidence in criminal proceedings were presented. The author pointed out that the aggrieved party is only the source of information in criminal proceedings. The purpose of the article is to indicate that in a Polish criminal trial the aggrieved party does not have sufficient protection of their rights. The author presents a procedure for interrogating an adult victim and witness, interviewing a minor victim and activities involving their participation. In the final conclusions, he proposes that the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure should introduce an obligation to obtain consent to carry out acts of evidence involving the aggrieved party and to add a ban on the hearing of witnesses who are under 7 years old.

Reliance on science is essential to proper legal process.  The science of memory is particularly essential.  Criminal investigations must often focus on individual memory reports in the absence of corroborative evidence.  Controversial theories alleging “repressed-recovered memories” (RRM) including multiple personality disorder (MPD), dissociative identity disorder, traumatic amnesia, dissociative amnesia, betrayal trauma theory, and related notions have generated some of the most contentious, complex, and forensically challenging issues in the recent history of the mental health and legal systems.

This contribution analyzes the socio-cultural, political and legal factors underlying the rise of corruption to the rank of emergency in criminal law. In the increasingly fiercer fight undertaken by the state and by supranational organizations against corruption as a criminal phenomenon and against the corrupt (in a broad sense) as a “type of  offender”, the “emergency criminal paradigm” has now been fully
defined by combining all of its typical substantive, penitentiary and investigativeprocedural devices, which often conflict with fundamental principles and rights. The final part of the paper offers a minimum program for overcoming the emergency ideology in the field of anti-corruption regulations

Il contributo analizza i fattori — socio-culturali, politici e giuridici — dell’ascesa della corruzione al rango di emergenza nella dimensione penalistica. Nella lotta sempre più intensa intrapresa dallo Stato e dalle organizzazioni sovranazionali contro la corruzione come fenomeno criminoso e il corrotto (in senso lato) come “tipo d’autore”, il paradigma penale emergenziale si è andato delineando a tutto tondo, combinando i suoi caratteristici congegni sostanziali, penitenziari e investigativo-processuali, che sovente entrano in conflitto con principi e diritti fondamentali. Nella parte conclusiva del lavoro viene proposto un programma minimo per il superamento dell’ideologia emergenziale nel settore dell’anticorruzione.

La sentenza della Cassazione concernente il disastro ferroviario di Viareggio affronta tutti i principali nodi dell’imputazione colposa, in un contesto produttivo caratterizzato dalla lunga serie di anelli causali e dal coinvolgimento di numerosi soggetti societari anche esteri. La ricostruzione delle categorie penalistiche rilevanti – azione e omissione, posizione di garanzia, causalità, imputazione oggettiva, nesso di rischio ed evitabilità dell’evento – riflette la dialettica tra naturalismo e normativismo, in un costante dialogo con l’elaborazione dottrinale. Negli approdi decisori si alternano cadenze restrittive (ad es. nella delimitazione dell’aggravante della ‘‘violazione delle norme per la prevenzione degli infortuni sul lavoro’’, con ricadute sulla responsabilità dell’ente  ex  art. 25-septies , D.Lgs. n. 231/2001) e altre più estensive, come nella definizione della sfera di  competenza dell’amministratore della capogruppo o dei confini della colpa generica

There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police institutions in Europe, from the ancien régime to the early 19th century. Drawing on the theoretical path outlined by Michel Foucault at the crossroads between historical sociology, critical legal theory and critical criminology, it shows how the development of police power was an integral part of the birth of the modern state’s governmental rationalities and how police institutions were conceived as political technologies for the government and social disciplining of populations. Understanding modern police not as an institution at the service of the judiciary and the law, but as a complex political technology for governing the economic and social processes typical of modern capitalist societies, this book shows how the police have played an active role in actually shaping order, rather than merely preserving it.

The termination of parental rights of parents with mental disabilities is a growing and crucial issue.  In 2010, an estimated 45.9 million adults in the U.S. had experienced a mental illness in the past year. This represents 20% of the adult population.  More than five million children in the U.S. have a parent with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression.  Courts and child welfare systems too often assume that a parent is not amenable to treatment and is a danger to his or her child when strong symptoms of mental turmoil surface.  Some studies report that as many as 70 to 80% of mentally ill parents have lost custody.  Public systems are overwhelmed by this matter in an era of shrinking resources for such systems.  However, often parents with mental health needs are willing to accept treatment, are able to participate in programming, and are worthy of regaining custody. 
• There are gaps in federal and state law on this issue.  The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) requires that state child welfare agencies and courts make “reasonable efforts” towards family reunification before the termination of parental rights (TPR) can take place.  However, federal statutes and case law provide little guidance to states about what “reasonable efforts” means, and states have been left to interpret that concept individually.  Many state statutes even enable a “bypass” of the “reasonable efforts” standard when “clear and convincing” evidence allegedly shows that a parent's mental condition cannot be changed.  Many states likewise place unjust, statutory and common law time limits on family reunification efforts in TPR cases. 
• Gaps in legal scholarship are also evident here.  Legal scholars have begun to discuss the inadequacy of reunification services for mentally challenged parents, the tenuous link between mental health services and child welfare agency action, the need for enhanced attorney and child welfare worker preparation in this arena, and a need for cultural competence in reunification services.  Others have even suggested that there be a rebuttable presumption in favor of family reunification.  However, those discussions lack a sound theoretical basis and a practical application of solutions. 
• As is featured in previous work of this author, a new theoretical framework of Family Systems Theory-- which is utilized in clinical behavioral health and human rights arenas-- must first be applied.  Under this theoretical framework, the vague and outdated “best interests of the child” standard, which is a legal standard used exclusively in family law cases, must be replaced with a more sound standard of “holistic family wellbeing.”  Vulnerability Theory can add credence to this theoretical framework.
• The discussion of reunification services for families featuring parents with mental disabilities should then be conducted utilizing Family Systems Theory and a legal standard of “holistic family wellbeing.”  Under these circumstances, the “family integrity” defended by our highest courts through the “reasonable efforts” provision should be upheld through the delivery of highly effective family reunification services.  The application of Family Systems Theory ultimately requires reform in the law, service delivery, and professional practice.  State and federal legislators must revisit the “reasonable efforts” standard, to include specific statutory language about the types of reunification services required and the need for flexible timelines.  Courts, child welfare agencies, and service providers need to deliver proven reunification services and coordinated mental health treatment.  In specific court cases, attorneys for the parent(s), the child(ren), and the state should focus on “holistic family wellbeing” utilizing collaborative family law and alternative dispute resolution, while advancing the agency of their clients.  Child welfare workers and practitioners likewise require training in advanced methods of conflict resolution and clinical practice.  These recommendations can ensure more effective family law practice and more successful family - serving systems.

"English summary: The interpretation of Dutch Jewish Council Records

The main question in this thesis is: how do we interpret historical documents if we do not know the exact context in which they were created? It is a basic question for researchers and it will be all the more important in the digital age if we want to secure digital sustainability. The problem is demonstrated from the example of the Jewish Council Records that are part of the Information Bureau archives, at the Red Cross in The Hague. On these paper index cards a large amount of personal and procedural information was recorded by staff of the Jewish Council during the occupation of the Netherlands. On the appr. 180000 cards nearly every individual Jewish person was registered individually. After the war, the same card system was used by the Netherlands Red Cross as a basis for tracing the victims and to determine their fate.

Recreating the context
If we want to read the information on the cards and understand the meaning of the scribbled notes, we have to recreate the procedures that created these records. The card in itself is only the end product of a complicated chain of administrative events in a paper bureaucracy. The procedures changed many times and were scarcely documented. This means that the paper network has to be reconstructed, that existed when the records were created. The implication is that all the archives that may hold key-information have to be analysed. In that way the context of the Jewish Council records can be reconstructed. Context is required to interpret the information on these records. There are two layers of context. The first is the archives of the Information Bureau of the Red Cross and consists of deportation lists, personal files and other collections that were connected tot the Jewish Council Records after the war. The second level are the external archives that hold context information are scattered all over the Netherlands, but are mainly at NIOD-Amsterdam, National Archives the Hague and in local municipal archives.

How to obtain robust digital sustainability
To obtain robust digital sustainability, a detailed analysis of the interconnection of all these files is necessary. This analysis should be part of the meta-data. The paper bureaucratic network has to be reconstructed, and the remaining context-carriers have to indentified. Isolated digitisation of complex systems like the Jewish Council Records will lead to digital representations that cannot be interpreted. This is in fact what happened already, when microfilmed copies of the Jewish Council Records were transferred to ITS-Arolsen in the 1950’s. This organisation provided copies to Yad Vashem. Now all these microfilms are digitised and made available to institutions like the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. These ‘orphaned’ digital files have no metadata attached about the creation, history and interrelations with other archives. Researchers will not be able to use the full potential of these files, because the context-environment was lost.
It is also argued that the new historian of the paperless information age will not understand the way a paper bureaucracy works. If this problem is not addressed, misunderstandings will arise interpreting the products of a paper bureaucracy: deportation list and file-card etc.

The thesis provides a detailed description of all the interrelations between internal (in the Red Cross Information Bureau archives) and external archives. It also analyses the way the German occupying authorities exerted their rule over the information that was provided to the Jewish council. The German authorities were conducting a war against the Jews and used their power to restrict the communication of the Jewish council and to destabilise the day-to-day practice of the Jewish council."

“Desde mi visión, la obra es en sustancia un abordaje axiológico, una construcción compleja que merece reconocimiento, pues consagra una teoría iusfilosófica de la culpa.

Pero no se debe extraer de ello que la obra ha sido escrita para el regodeo de una élite intelectual. Solemos decir que, para entender la modernidad: los clásicos; pues bien, para resolver las cuestiones prácticas nada mejor que la filosofía.

Las derivaciones prácticas del ensayo son numerosas, intramuros y extramuros de un ordenamiento particular, ya que, con base en el fundamento penal de la responsabilidad, se proyectan soluciones adecuadas, respuestas claras a muchos desvíos propiciados por los esquemas jurídicos formales, los que suelen ser empleados por los tres poderes del Estado como instrumentos funcionales a la recaudación.

En suma, está claro, y no puedo más que adherir a ello que para el Dr. Weffe un derecho sin valores es el revés del derecho, y es por ello que también recomiendo fervientemente la lectura del libro”.

Alberto Tarsitano (Argentina)
Ex Presidente del Instituto Latinoamericano de Derecho Tributario (ILADT)
Profesor de Derecho Tributario, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Profesor de Derecho Tributario, Universidad Católica Argentina
Director de la Maestría en Derecho Tributario, Universidad Católica Argentina

“No es éste un libro de Derecho Penal en el sentido frecuente, con abundancia de citas de autores, escuelas y textos sobre las distintas concepciones jurídico-penales de la culpabilidad. Tampoco es de Derecho Tributario, en el mismo sentido, ni de Derecho Administrativo, según la supradicha premisa. Entonces, ¿qué es y de qué es? ¿Cómo desarrolla su tema, cualquiera que él fuese?

En primer término, esta obra versa sobre la culpabilidad vinculada al Derecho Tributario, lo que de suyo representa continuidad con su tesis doctoral, en un área novedosa en nuestro mundo jurídico, pero –como antes dije– no es una obra sobre la culpabilidad en el Derecho Tributario del modo como se haría desde la perspectiva más frecuente del Derecho Penal, entre otras razones, porque la conexión con una rama que no es penal lo hace posible, sino también –y he ahí lo decisivo– porque los fines perseguidos se orientan desde la Teoría General del Derecho o, si se prefiere, la filosofía del Derecho, como pronto se verá.
Weffe no trata la culpabilidad mediante un simple acercamiento entre el Derecho Penal y el Derecho Tributario, sino que involucra reflexiones filosóficas que incrementan exponencialmente los méritos de su autor, pues son escasas las veces en que los juristas hacen expresamente suyas consideraciones que escapan del terreno dogmático de sus disciplinas, salvo, por supuesto, aquellos que se dedican a los temas teóricos más abstractos y generales, aunque mantienen hacia los horizontes más estrictamente técnicos del saber jurídico, una prudencial distancia, a su vez, pocas veces acortada por las ciencias jurídicas particulares.

El discurso ético-filosófico de la obra desemboca en la esfera de la culpabilidad y la triple función que el autor de ella predica: instrumental de la libertad, la dignidad y la igualdad como contenidos mínimos esenciales de todas las fórmulas jurídicas; ello, como axioma del garantismo y como límite al ejercicio del ius puniendi cada vez que el sujeto ha ejercido de forma desviada su libertad.

Los espíritus proclives a la reflexión filosófica hallarán en esas páginas ocasión para su deleite intelectual, y también para las inquietudes e incertidumbres a las que el ejercicio del pensamiento induce.

En fin, invito al lector a que inicie la aventura intelectual que significa adentrarse en estas páginas, para saciar no sólo inquietudes conceptuales de elevada abstracción, sino también para guiarlo en la interpretación y aplicación de un derecho concreto en un momento histórico específico, en un contexto sociopolítico abiertamente adverso a las propuestas garantistas del Derecho Penal moderno y liberal.

Weffe no cedió ante el desafío, seguramente usted tampoco retrocederá”.

Prof. Dr. Carlos Simón Bello Rengifo
Profesor Asociado de Derecho Penal y Procesal Penal, Universidad Central de Venezuela
Director del Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Derecho, Universidad Central de Venezuela.

Abstrak Konflik seolah-olah merupakan warisan kehidupan sosial yang selalu muncul dalam berbagai keadaan. Konflik dalam kenyataannya seringkali terjadi akibat dari menguatnya ketidakpuasan dan ketidaksetujuan atau kontroversi dan pertentangan di antara dua pihak atau lebih secara terus menerus. Adanya kelompok-kelompok di dalam masyarakat selain dapat menciptakan hubungan yang saling melengkapi akan tetapi dapat pula melahirkan konflik. Perbedaan pandangan antar kelompok masyarakat di suatu wilayah kerap menjadi pemicu pecahnya bentrok antar mereka. Terkadang di tengah konflik itu ada saja orang yang memanfaatkan situasi itu sehingga menjadi konflik berkepanjangan. Motif terjadinya konflik sosial dapat bermacam-macam diantaranya berupa: persaingan secara ekonomis, perbedaan keyakinan, persaingan politik, kesenjangan sosial, konflik perbatasan wilayah dll. Apapun motifnya setiap konflik sosial harus dapat dicegah dan diatasi. Kata kunci: konflik sosial, masyarakat, keadilan bermartabat. Pendahuluan Konflik berasal dari kata kerja Latin configere yang berarti saling pukul. Secara sosiologis, konflik sosial berarti suatu proses sosial antara 2 orang atau lebih (bisa juga kelompok) dimana salah satu pihak berusaha menyingkirkan pihak lain dengan menghancurkannya atau membuatnya tidak berdaya. Pada dasarnya konflik sosial merupakan bentuk interaksi yang ditandai keadaan saling ancam, menghancurkan, melukai, dan melenyapkan di antara pihak yang terlibat. Konflik sosial mengakibatkan rasa aman hilang, rasa takut, lingkungan dan pranata sosial rusak, kerugian harta benda, korban jiwa, dendam, benci, antipati antara pihak yang berkonflik. Tentu hal tersebut dapat menghambat terwujudnya kesejahteraan umum. Penyebab terjadinya konflik sosial adalah perbedaan yang dibawa individu dalam suatu interaksi. 2 Konflik sosial pada dasarnya adalah suatu bentuk interaksi yang ditandai oleh keadaan saling mengancam, menghancurkan, melukai, dan melenyapkan di antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat. Konflik sosial dapat menyebabkan hilangnya rasa aman, timbulnya rasa takut, rusaknya lingkungan dan pranata sosial, kerugian harta benda, jatuhnya korban jiwa, timbulnya trauma psikologis (dendam, benci, antipati), serta melebarnya jarak segresi antara para pihak yang berkonflik sehingga dapat menghambat terwujudnya kesejahteraan umum. Bagi bangsa Indonesia tentu hal itu dapat mengancam sendi-sendi kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara dalam wadah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). 3 Motif terjadinya konflik sosial dapat bermacam-macam diantaranya berupa: persaingan secara ekonomis, perbedaan keyakinan, persaingan politik, kesenjangan sosial,

Este trabajo propone un concepto, clasificación y funda¬mento de la responsabilidad penal con base en la distinción en¬tre deberes negativos y positivos. Se formula una sistematización de los delitos de la parte especial con énfasis en esta distinción que entrega una fuerte capacidad de rendimiento.
La obra parte de la base de que los dos pilares de la res¬ponsabilidad penal son la libertad y la solidaridad. En este sentido, se entrega una visión de los deberes negativos como fuente de la responsabilidad por el ejercicio de la libertad y otra de los deberes positivos basados en la solidaridad y cooperación con el Estado como límites necesarios de la autonomía de la libertad y como segunda fuente de la responsabilidad penal. Al mismo tiempo, el trabajo propone un criterio restrictivo para la comprensión de los delitos de in¬fracción de deber mediante la aplicación de principios legitima¬dores del derecho penal.
Se sistematizan y fundamentan los deberes posi¬tivos en generales y especiales. A su vez, los primeros se dividen en deberes positivos generales de solidaridad basados en la idea de la mejora de una esfera ajena y en deberes positivos generales de colaboración respecto a determinadas tareas propias del Estado. Éstos últimos, se configuran debido a la especial posición jurídica-social que ocupan determinadas personas en la sociedad.
Por último, se desarrolla un estudio de los deberes positivos especiales entendiéndose como aquellos que recaen en los funcionarios públicos en virtud de una posición de garantía institucional para correcto funcionamiento de las tareas estatales que han asumido.

As ciências criminais - criminologia, direito penal e política criminal - têm assumido distintas configurações desde a proposta de Franz von Liszt no início do séc. XX. O direito penal já foi a principal ciência que contava com o auxílio de ciências assessórias. Mais adiante, transformou-se no instrumento jurídico da política-criminal. Atualmente, existe a tendência a ver as disciplinas numa condição de igualdade com autonomia científica. As qualidades científicas próprias da criminologia e do direito penal constam insuficientemente sublinhadas, impedindo o melhor funcionamento complementar no entendimento e no tratamento do fenômeno desviante. O presente estudo busca descrever quatro diferenças essenciais entre a criminologia e o direito penal.

Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung.

Gesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein Wächter am Leben und als ein Mit-Schöpfer weiter geniessen.
Es gibt Möglichkeiten der natürlichen Heilung auch für Geimpfte zur Entgiftung.

Auf Grund der 500% Steigerung von Sportlern die plötzlich im Kampfsport , bewusstlos umfallen, wird von jeder weiteren Giftaufnahme in den direkten Leib und Blutkreislauf abgeraten.

Die Anmerkungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Infektion und hochgradiger Ansteckung bei Lachen und Freude.
Es ist der selbe Effekt mit der Resonanz, was Heilung und Gesundheit regeneriert, bewirken Dissonanzen das Gegenteil.

Bitte informiert euch und gebt diese wichtigen Informationen weiter.

L’errore giudiziario è una manchevolezza che può derivare, e non di rado deriva, da un uso inadeguato degli strumenti lato sensu logici che il giudice ha a disposizione.
La presente indagine si propone di approfondire proprio il rapporto tra logica del giudice ed errore giudiziario, seguendo un percorso tanto lineare quanto impegnativo.
Innanzitutto, illustrerò le caratteristiche generali dell’errore umano, le peculiarità dell’errore giudiziario e le varie accezioni di “errore giudiziario” che queste consentono di definire (in senso latissimo, lato, stretto e strettissimo) (§ 2).
Inoltre, ponendomi nella prospettiva delle due grandi concezioni della conoscenza giudiziale (intellettualismo e razionalismo), tratterò le cause salienti delle due componenti dell’errore giudiziario (errore qualificatorio ed errore probatorio), in particolare le cause razionali (suddistinte in cause ineluttabili e cause contrastabili dal giudice) (§ 3).

"Khusus menyangkut analogi, penafsiran dan hal-hal lain yang terkait, memang ... tidak mudah menemukan bahan-bahan pustaka yang membahas hingga praktiknya. Oleh karena itu, buku ini menjadi penting." - Prof. Dr. Topo Santoso, S.H., M.H.

Sinopsis:
Pandangan dominan dalam ilmu hukum pidana menyatakan bahwa penerapan analogi dilarang dalam hukum pidana, karena melanggar asas legalitas. Di sisi lain, penafsiran ekstensif justru diperbolehkan, padahal keduanya sama-sama memperluas cakupan makna ketentuan pidana dalam undang-undang, sehingga dapat mencakup perbuatan yang sebelumnya tidak termasuk dalam ketentuan pidana tersebut. Dua hal yang menjadi fokus penelitian buku ini adalah: perbedaan dan persamaan antara penerapan analogi dan penafsiran ekstensif dalam hukum pidana; dan penerapan analogi dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 786K/Pid/2015 dan 1417K/Pid/1997. Buku ini mengemukakan perspektif alternatif, juga baru, dalam pemahaman terhadap asas legalitas dan metode penemuan hukum, sehingga patut dibaca oleh peminat kajian ilmu hukum pidana, filsafat dan teori hukum, serta pemelajar ilmu hukum secara umum.

Pemesanan dapat dilakukan langsung melalui penulis di email berikut: dionvalerian@yahoo.com.

"Bu çalışma, terör örgütü üyeliği, terör örgütüne yardım, terörizmin finansmanı, terörizmin propagandası, terör suçlarından dolayı sorumluluk, terör suçlarından dolayı cezalandırılabilirliğin alanını genişletme, sorumluluk alanını öne çekme konularında yapılmış bir karşılaştırmalı hukuk çalışmasıdır."
Şahsımızın, "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri" başlığı altındaki açıklamaların kaleme alınmasında katkısı bulunmaktadır.
Editörler: Prof. Dr. İzzet ÖZGENÇ, Prof. Dr. Cumhur ŞAHİN, Prof. Dr. İlhan ÜZÜLMEZ

Any society undertaking transitional justice measures must address the question of impunity for past atrocities. For societies like Kenya where the International Criminal Court (ICC) is involved in the prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibility in the commission of international crimes, the question that invites address is how to hold accountable those who do not bear the highest responsibility. Thus, local prosecution of these individuals becomes an important indicator of successful transitional process. The chapter therefore critically analyses the major challenges affecting effective prosecution of international crimes in Kenyan courts and also assesses the effectiveness of these prosecutions within the broader picture of Kenya’s transitional justice process.

Tanzimat sonrası dönemde Osmanlı Devleti’nde birçok alanda yenileşme ve değişim hareketleri yaşanmıştır. Bu değişim ve yenileşmenin yargı alanındaki yansıması ise yeni mahkemelerin kurulması ve klasik fıkhın bazı konuları ile ilgili davalara bakma yetkisinin bu mahkemelere verilmesidir. Ne var ki bu mahkemelere ait kayıtlara ulaşmak çok kolay olmamakta, ulaşılan kayıtlarda ise konu bazlı tasnif yapılmadığından teorik anlamda istenilen çalışmalar yapılamamaktadır. Tanzimat Dönemi’nin getirdiği yeniliklerden biri olan basının yaygınlaşması sonucu yayımlanmaya başlayan bir gazete olan Vakâyi-i Zabtiyye, bu sorunu aşmada önemli bir katkı sunmaktadır. Dava kayıtlarının kamuya duyurulması maksadıyla çıkarılmaya başlanan gazete, dönemin dava kayıtlarına kolayca ulaşımı sağlamaktadır. Gazetede, İstanbul mahkemelerinde görülen ceza davalarına ait kayıtlar özet olarak yayımlanmıştır. Kayıtlar, bugün dahi toplumun muzdarip olduğu cinsel saldırı suçlarına, gazetenin yayımlandığı dönemde de sıkça rastlandığını göstermektedir. Çalışmada Türk pozitif hukukuyla karşılaştırmalı olarak kanunlaştırma sonrası Osmanlı pozitif hukukunda cinsel saldırı kapsamına giren suçlar, dava kayıtları ve bu kayıtların atıfta bulunduğu kanun metinleri üzerinden incelenecektir. Böylece bugünkü hukuk dilinin gazetenin yayımlandığı dönemlerde oluşmaya başladığı, Tanzimat sonrası dönemde yargı sisteminde hızlı ve kısmen istenilen düzeyde bir değişikliğin yaşandığı görülecektir.