Early Medieval History

Kniha byla vydána roku 1989 v Praze  / The book was published in 1989 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

His main propositions are these. William the Conqueror did not commission Domesday Book. The threat of invasion and the strain on resources created by the need to billet a large mercenary army in England caused him to commission the Domesday inquest at Christmas in 1085. This inquest took place the following year and produced a survey of royal resources and a geld survey, and also a survey of the tenurial resources of tenants-in-chief and their tenants. Prior to 1086, the land which tenants-in-chief held in demesne had been exempt from the geld, and the purpose of the inquest was to identify this land with a view to taxing it. All the records from the inquest were brought to the king. There followed some hard bargaining between the king and his barons: in return for the loss of geld exemption on their demesne, the tenants-in-chief received certain concessions concerning the service they owed to the king, and their requirement to billet mercenaries was also lifted. The production of Domesday Book was an entirely separate and later exercise. Domesday Book was 'unrelated to the concerns which launched the inquest in 1085. It seems to have been compiled, probably under the supervision of Rannulf Flambard, from the records of the inquest after 1089 and is best interpreted as a response to the revolt, and consequent tenurial chaos, of 1088' (p. ix).

Mit 21 lokalen, regionalen und überregionalen Studien bietet der Sammelband einen Querschnitt durch die Erforschung frühmittelalterlicher Zentren und Siedlungsstrukturen vornehmlich des bayerisch-ostfränkischen Raumes und benachbarter Landschaften. Das thematische Spektrum reicht dabei von überregional bedeutsamen Zentren wie Pfalzen und Bischofssitzen zu solchen ländlicher Gesellschaften, z.B. Mühlen oder Pfarrkirchen. Der zeitliche Rahmen spannt sich von der Spätantike bis in das beginnende Hochmittelalter.  Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen Kriterien für Zentralität, methodische Probleme wie die Abgrenzung von Zentrum und Peripherie, Ursachen für strukturellen Wandel von Zentren sowie die räumliche Verteilung zentraler Funktionen innerhalb überörtlicher zentraler Räume.

This article analyses the correspondence of Boniface and his associates, arguing that Boniface deliberately but subtly communicates a Pauline apostolic identity in his letters by expressing his personal and professional successes, struggles, and feelings through a pervasive language of biblical allusions drawn primarily from the Pauline Epistles. The effectiveness of this hermeneutic becomes apparent when we see the complicity of Boniface’s fellow-correspondents and their ability and willingness to respond to his Pauline allusions in kind. They express their support of Boniface’s missionary and reform projects through their participation in these discursive practices; their ability to recognize, interpret and engage with this biblical language supplies the meaning to his words and, in doing so, systematically constitutes Boniface as an apostolic figure.

This book explores the Byzantine city and the changes it went through from 610 to 1204. Throughout this period, cities were always the centers of political and social life for both secular and religious authorities, and, furthermore, the focus of the economic interests of local landowning elites.

This book therefore examines the regional and subregional trajectories in the urban function, landscape, structure and fabric of Byzantium’s cities, synthesizing the most cutting-edge archaeological excavations, the results of analyses of material culture (including ceramics, coins, and seals) and a reassessment of the documentary and hagiographical sources. The transformation the Byzantine urban landscape underwent from the seventh to thirteenth centuries can afford us a better grasp of changes to the Byzantine central and provincial administrative apparatus; their fiscal machinery, military institutions, socio-economic structures and religious organization. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of the history, archaeology and architecture of Byzantium.

This groundbreaking study reveals the distinctive impact of apocalyptic ideas about time, evil and power on church and society in the Latin West, c.400–c.1050. Drawing on evidence from late antiquity, the Frankish kingdoms, Anglo-Saxon England, Spain and Byzantium and sociological models, James Palmer shows that apocalyptic thought was a more powerful part of mainstream political ideologies and religious reform than many historians believe. Moving beyond the standard 'Terrors of the Year 1000', The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages opens up broader perspectives on heresy, the Antichrist and Last World Emperor legends, chronography, and the relationship between eschatology and apocalypticism. In the process, it offers reassessments of the worlds of Augustine, Gregory of Tours, Bede, Charlemagne and the Ottonians, providing a wide-ranging and up-to-date survey of medieval apocalyptic thought. This is the first full-length English-language treatment of a fundamental and controversial part of medieval religion and society.

The role of luxury textiles - finely-made local cloths, Byzantine silks and textiles dyed using non-local dye stuffs - in north-western European royal and ecclesiastical contexts is investigated. Case studies including Sutton Hoo, St. Denis, Oberflacht and Durham represent clothes, furnishing fabrics and relic wrappings.

The political structure of Scandinavian society underwent radical change between AD 500 and 1350. Through analyses of c. 170,000 sites of single graves and cemeteries, 1,700 hillforts, and 130 royal sites and manors, this article investigates the emergence of larger law areas and their relation to the peoples and kingdoms in Scandza (i.e. Norway and Sweden). In this period the number of kingdoms was reduced from around thirteen to two. We find 29 peoples in the 6th century mentioned in contemporary written sources (Getica and Widtsith), and these are geographically identified through a big data analysis of prehistoric graves and cemeteries (Kernel Density Estimation). In addition, we have identified thirteen clusters of graves representing other unmentioned groups. The emergence of larger legal entities was a prerequisite for the emergence of the Scandinavian kingdoms. In eastern Scandinavia kingship emerged through the control of major lakes connecting various folklands, while in the west control of trade and transport along the major sailing route (leden) was a driving facor for trans-regional kingship.

The aim of this study is to collect evidence for textile recycling from a prehistoric and historic perspective. The basis are original textile finds and not, as might be expected, written or pictorial sources. The material presented here focuses on archaeological finds, especially on prehistoric to early medieval evidence from Central Europe, also mentioning some interesting examples from medieval and Early Modern times.
This is not a comprehensive study of all possible secondary uses of textiles, but it shall demonstrate different interesting case studies such as re-use and recycling of garments with examples from Bronze Age till early modern period. We also learn from Early Medieval evidence that textile rags have been employed for production processes e.g. of ceramic vessels, clay figurines or for thin bronze objects. In the salt-mines Hallstatt and Dürrnberg in Austria, hundreds of textile scraps have been found, left back in the mines after secondary use as make-shift binding material or sanitary items.
Worn-out textiles were used for caulking wooden ships, as sealing for water-management in prehistoric copper mines and as insulation material for medieval castles. At least, textile scraps also ended in medieval and early modern latrinae – after they have been used as “toilet-paper”. The evidence collected demonstrates a careful resource-management.

Roman emperors came to power through a hybrid dynastic/elective selection system that was never formally codified. This lack of codification has caused problems for modern scholars looking to identify and categorize those who were involved in selecting the next Roman emperor. This thesis believes that these problems exist because scholars are not distinguishing the names of key ancient institutions from the underlying types of power which backed their capability for action. This thesis seeks to solve this problem by creating a categorization system for imperial accessions based around a basic unit called the “political interest.” At its core, a political interest is a combination of the name of the individual or group as listed in the primary sources, the different types of power they possessed, and the level of decision-making authority they wielded during an imperial selection. Using this system, this thesis creates a database of Late Roman emperors with information on when they came to power, the various stages of their accessions, what political interests supported them, and where these interests were located. This thesis then analyzes the political and geographic trends from the database and supplies provisional explanations as to why changes in the Late Roman accession process occurred.

Bu çalışma, "Ardahan Kale ve Kuleleri" adlı kitabın bölümlerinden biridir. Bu kitap içi bölümde, Ardahan'ın Eskiçağ'dan Türk fetihlerine kadar tarihçesi üzerinde durulmuş ve şehrin isminin kökenine ilişkin bir başlığa yer verilmiştir.
  Son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel araştırmalarla birlikte Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ arkeolojik vaziyetinin Transkafkasya (Güney Kafkasya) arkeolojisiyle
oldukça örtüştüğü anlaşılan Ardahan, Doğu Karadeniz ve Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri ile Transkafkasya’yı birleştiren stratejik bir coğrafi konuma sahiptir. Batıda Karadeniz sahil şeridinin son ili Artvin ile
komşu olan Ardahan’ın güneyinde Erzurum ve Kars illeri, kuzeydoğusunda Gürcistan ve doğusunda Ermenistan yer alır. Transkafkasya ülkelerinde, özellikle Tunç ve Demir Çağları kültürlerine ilişkin hatırı sayılır araştırma ve arkeolojik kazı yapılmışsa da bu bölgenin komşusu olan Kuzeydoğu Anadolu için aynı değerlendirmeyi ne yazık ki yapamamaktayız. Özellikle Ardahan ili, Anadolu coğrafyasında arkeolojik araştırmaların en az yürütüldüğü yerlerden biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle şehrin tarihi ve arkeolojik geçmişi üzerine toplanan veriler, akademik anlamda tatmin edici bir düzeye erişememiştir. Yine de inanıyoruz ki, 2008 yılında kurulan Ardahan Üniversitesinin bünyesinde gerçekleştirilmekte olan ve yakın gelecekte daha da kapsamlı bir şekilde sürdürülecek bilimsel çalışmalar, şehrin tarihi, sanat tarihi ve arkeolojik
dokusunu çok daha detaylı bir şekilde yansıtacaktır.

Al monastero di Martyrios, in Palestina, il monaco e pellegrino Bernardo viene a conoscenza di un terribile segreto: l’abbazia di S. Vincenzo alle sorgenti del Volturno, uno dei più importanti centri spirituali della cristianità, è bersaglio di un imminente attacco saraceno guidato dallo spietato comandante Suchaim. Scoperto dai complottisti e determinato ad avvisare l’abate volturnense Maione del pericolo incombente, Bernardo si avventura in una pericolosa corsa contro il tempo che lo porta al confine della Terra di San Vincenzo. Le sue rivelazioni catapultano la comunità monastica nell’instabile scacchiere politico dell’epoca, dominato dagli scontri tra Carolingi, Longobardi, Bizantini e Saraceni. Intanto l’abate e il suo fedele preposito, Cuniperto, impegnati ad approntare le difese, sono ignari che pure i Saraceni, accampati alle porte di Napoli, possono contare su un complice potente.
Dopo morti misteriose, azioni di spionaggio e complotti politici, nell’anno Domini 881 lo scontro, violento e sanguinario, cala sull'abbazia come una mannaia. Dal suo esito dipende la salvezza di Bernardo, Maione e Cuniperto, e soprattutto delle reliquie di S. Vincenzo…
Con una prosa semplice ed elegante, un ritmo serrato e avvincente, Luciano cala il lettore in una vicenda realmente accaduta - il sacco arabo di San Vincenzo al Volturno dell'881 -,  facendogli respirare la spiritualità della vita monastica, ma anche il clima di tensione che
attanaglia l’Italia centro-meridionale nel IX secolo.

Intending the Early Middle Ages as one of the most astonishing political and social laboratories in Europe's history, the main goal of this session is the study of social complexity between the 9th and 10th centuries, comparing societies and political landscapes from two European macro-regions: Northern Iberia and Central Italy, in order to investigate social, economic and political complexities on a continental scale, with the main intention of interpreting 'landscapes of social and political inequality'; to deepen the concepts of social and political inequality in the historical evolution of societies and powers, which must be always considered as processes in progress.

The article analyses the data concerning the last years of the reign of Anastasius I (491-518) and the transition of power to pro-Chalcedonian elite in the Roman Empire. The article consists of three parts: 1. The Chalcedonians in the last years of Anastasius' reign; 2. The final transition of power to the Orthodox (Chalcedonians). The Emperor Justin; 3. The overturn of the ecclesiastical policy in favour of the Orthodoxy.

""Archaeologist, Teacher, Friend. Nicolai Telnov’s Anniversary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL
N. V. Zhilina (Moscow, Russia). Stamped Jewel Attire Reconstructed Based on Old Rus Hoards of 10th — 13th Centuries (from the ornamental stamping to the emblem of the princely power). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
V. Ivanišević (Belgrad, Serbia), M. Kazanski (Paris, France). Justinian’s Heruli in Northern
Illyricum and Their Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova). North-Eastern Possessions of the First Bulgarian Kingdom in 7th—10th cc.: History and Burial Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
A. V. Kurbatov (St.-Petersburg, Russia). Raw materials for leather crafts, technical means
for leather processing and assortment of leathers in Mediaeval Rus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

JEWELLER’S CRAFT
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russia). Adornments of Romny Time from Kursk Oblast
(second half of 8th — late 10th cc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Y. V. Stepanova (Tver’, Russia). Temple Rings from Ancient Russian Rural Archaeological Sites in the Upper Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
S. S. Ryabtseva (St.-Petersburg, Russia — Kishinev, Moldova), N. P. Telnov (Kishinev, Moldova). A Hoard from Alcedar and Centers of Jewellery Industry in Eastern Europe in late 9th — early 11th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
А. Boldureanu (Kishinev, Moldova). The Byzantine and Islamic Coins from Alcedar Hoard . . . 301

ARCHAEOLOGY OF REPRESENTATIONS
Y. V. Mysko, S. V. Pyvovarov (Chernivtsi, Ukraine). Finds of Knives with Curls on the Handles in the Region of the Upper Prut and the Middle Dniester . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 309
I. Berdzenishvili (Tbilisi, Georgia). Early Christians in Abkhazia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet 329
Requirements to contributions to Stratum plus. 345

Содержание

AD GLORIAM 

Р. А. Рабинович (Кишинев, Молдова), С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинев, Молдова)
Археолог. Учитель. Друг. К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова 15

МОНОГРАФИЯ В ЖУРНАЛЕ 

Н. В. Жилина (Москва, Россия)
Тисненый убор по древнерусским кладам X—XIII вв. (от орнаментального рифления до эмблемы княжеской власти) 23

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПУБЛИКАЦИИ 

В. Иванишевич (Белград, Сербия), М. Казанский (Париж, Франция)
Герулы Юстиниана в Северном Иллирикуме и их археологические следы 147
Н. Д. Руссев (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Северо-восточные владения Дунайской Болгарии VII—X вв.: история и погребальные памятники 159
А. В. Курбатов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Кожевенное сырье, техническое обеспечение его выделки и сортамент кож средневековой Руси 169

ЮВЕЛИРНОЕ ДЕЛО 

А. Г. Шпилев (Курск, Россия)
Украшения роменского времени из Курской области (вторая половина VIII — конец X вв.) 221
Ю. В. Степанова (Тверь, Россия)
Височные кольца из древнерусских сельских памятников Верхневолжья 275
С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинёв, Молдова), Н. П. Тельнов (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Алчедарский клад и центры ювелирного производства Восточной Европы конца IX — начала XI вв. 285
А. Болдуряну (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Византийские и исламские монеты из Алчедарского клада 301

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ 

Ю. В. Мысько, С. В. Пивоваров (Черновцы, Украина)
Находки ножей с волютообразными навершиями в Верхнем Попрутье и Среднем Поднестровье 309
И. Бердзенишвили (Тбилиси, Грузия)
Раннее христианство в Абхазии 317

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet327
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»
Требования 341

Siaburcharpat Con Culaind is a great cross-over saga. Cú Chulainn, the greatest of pagan heroes, helps Patrick in his mission to convert the king of Ireland. What does this story tell us about conversion? What role is played by the pagan past? Why is telling stories so important?

Published in: CSANA Yearbook 1 (2001) 109–25

Jordi Bolòs (2019). "Not so dark centuries: Changes and continuities in the Catalan Landscape (6th – 12th centuries)". In N. Brady and C. Theune (eds.), Settlement Change across medieval Europe. Ruralia XII. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
This paper aims to show the effect on land settlements and use of the different transitions between the years AD 500 and 1200 in Catalonia. The pattern is similar to those experienced by many other Mediterranean European countries. Recent studies have given new insight into the importance of continuities and novelties brought about by
transformations at the end of the Roman Empire, the Islamic or Frankish conquest, or the changes from the year 1000 on. Case studies from the Pyrenees (Cerdanya, Pallars, and Ribagorça) and eastern (Empordà, Vallès, and Penedès) and western Catalonia (Segrià, la Noguera) show how the landscape was transformed in relation to such issues as
population, land use, or organisation of the road network. In order to understand these changes, we need to get closely acquainted with the new settlements (e.g. medieval vilars or hamlets, Islamic almúnies), the new cultivated spaces (combes or gullies, concentric forms, terraces), irrigation channels, and, after the year 1000, ecclesiastical villages or
towns built around castles (pobles castrals), new towns (vilanoves), or scattered farmsteads. Certainly, the descriptive studies of landscape carried out in the last few years have provided further insight to these realities. Likewise, the current design of atlases of the counties of Carolingian Catalonia have made it possible to add all the information from thousands of documents written before the year 1000, which has allowed us to assess the importance of toponymy and the possibility of knowing the settlement in relation to many counties of Old Catalonia.

Studie byla publikovaná v knize ,,Svatováclavský sborník" na památku 1000. výročí smrti knížete Václava Svatého. (Svazek 1:  Kníže Václav Svatý a jeho doba) vydané roku 1934 v Praze / Der Artikel wurde im Buch „Svatováclavský sborník“ publiziert, das im Jahre 1934 in Prag zum Gedächtnis des 1000. Jubiläums des Tods von Hl. Wenceslaus (Band 1: Fürst Hl. Wenceslaus und seine Zeit) herausgegeben wurde.

Con la stesura di questa analisi, a fianco di uno studio più generico sulle teorie che hanno cercato di spiegare la formazione etnica e l'origine dei popoli barbarici, ci si vuole soffermare sul ruolo politico e "situazionale" che ha avuto la percezione identitaria all'interno di questi gruppi insediatisi in Europa occidentale tra Tardoantico e Medioevo. La prospettiva etnogenetica permette di considerare i tratti culturali in termini nuovi, ossia come strumenti via via utilizzati dai vari leader e capi per creare aggregazione e consenso, e dai vertici del potere dominante per legittimare il proprio status. La strumentalizzazione politica dell'identità etnica era perpetrata in modi diversi: o facendo proprie e manipolando a piacimento, a seconda della situazione, tradizioni di natura assai eterogenea, oppure inventandone di nuove, come per esempio genealogie e discendenze regie, battaglie leggendarie, o autoproclamandosi gli eredi di popoli antichi. Dietro ai nomi dei popoli barbari che ritroviamo nei manuali e che sembrano indicare realtà stabili, se non addirittura metastoriche, si cela invece una storia discontinua di cambiamenti incessanti, di interruzioni politiche e culturali, una storia dove questi stessi nomi sono stati soggetti a ripetute riappropriazioni per definire realtà nuove. Porre a critica l'idea che i "popoli barbarici" godessero di lineamenti culturali e sociali stabili e di come questi caratteri fossero percepiti diffusamente all'interno dei gruppi medesimi e non soltanto dalle élites (impiegati da queste come strategie di distinzione), risulta doppiamente insidioso se si considera che le principali fonti a nostra disposizione sono provenienti da autori romani o fortemente romanizzati. Queste fonti infatti non sono da sé impiegabili-senza un approccio critico-per una ricerca in questo senso, perché descrivevano le genti germaniche sempre in relazione dialettica con la civiltà romana, o comunque a partire da prospettive totalizzanti sempre infarcite da topoi e da pregiudizi. A supporto di un'analisi generica sui processi di etnogenesi, e per aiutare la comprensione di quale sia stata l'utilità politica e materiale delle rappresentazioni identitarie nell'affermazione dei vari regni romano-barbarici, si considereranno esempi più specifici tratti dalla storia altomedievale, e in particolare due casi che a riguardo sono emblematici: gli Ostrogoti e i Longobardi in Italia.

In his Lex Castrensis, the twelfth-century Danish writer Sven Aggesen tells the story of the creation of a law that he attributes to Knútr inn ríki (Cnut the Great) as a means of governing his substantial military following of retainers, known as the hirð. As unlikely as it is for Sven to claim that he preserves the law exactly as it was in Knútr's own time, the text's focus on process and punishment raises an intriguing question: can evidence be seen for shifting punitive attitudes and legal exchange in the late Viking-Age period of intense contact, interaction, and accommodation between Scandinavia and the British Isles? This chapter will offer a first step in considering the possibility for the exchange of legal practices and concepts in this context, and present a newly refined picture of England and its Scandinavian neighbours – one which points to sophisticated legal interchange happening much earlier than usually thought.