First World War

The previously unpublished field diaries of the principal leaders involved in the first season of the Harvard Expedition to Samaria are held by the University's Semitic Museum. The narrative they contain sheds light on the organization and archaeological techniques applied at the site and gives some context to the much acclaimed final publication of the excavations (Reisner, Fisher & Lyon, 1924).

The Paris Peace Conference put the First World War in the past. Signatures of individual peace treaties with defeated countries Germany, Austria, Hungary and their allies Bulgaria and Turkey put an end to one of the cruelest conflicts of all time, which is rightfully often referred to as the Great War. With its multifaceted repercussions, the First World War certainly represented one of the most crucial breaking points in the development of modern Europe. For many countries and nations, it was the actual start of the 20th century. However, it also signaled the end of a fairly brief dominance and the beginning of the fall of the old continent, which was brought forth as a result of the second global conflict, the Cold War between the superpowers, as well as the dissolution of the global empires of the European superpowers. The end of the Great War and its impact, including the unequivocally democratizing and socially revolutionary waves, was an attempt at a new, fundamentally changed organization of international life and its current established order. The Parisian aftermath radically transformed the composition of the face of Europe: as a result of the dissolution of the monarchies – the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, Tsarist Russia and Austria-Hungary – and laid the foundation for a new European continent, which basically exists to this day in spite of changes caused by the Second World War.
… Read more
The Paris Peace Conference put the First World War in the past. Signatures of individual peace treaties with defeated countries Germany, Austria, Hungary and their allies Bulgaria and Turkey put an end to one of the cruelest conflicts of all time, which is rightfully often referred to as the Great War. With its multifaceted repercussions, the First World War certainly represented one of the most crucial breaking points in the development of modern Europe. For many countries and nations, it was the actual start of the 20th century. However, it also signaled the end of a fairly brief dominance and the beginning of the fall of the old continent, which was brought forth as a result of the second global conflict, the Cold War between the superpowers, as well as the dissolution of the global empires of the European superpowers. The end of the Great War and its impact, including the unequivocally democratizing and socially revolutionary waves, was an attempt at a new, fundamentally changed organization of international life and its current established order. The Parisian aftermath radically transformed the composition of the face of Europe: as a result of the dissolution of the monarchies – the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, Tsarist Russia and Austria-Hungary – and laid the foundation for a new European continent, which basically exists to this day in spite of changes caused by the Second World War.
… Read more
The Paris Peace Conference put the First World War in the past. Signatures of individual peace treaties with defeated countries Germany, Austria, Hungary and their allies Bulgaria and Turkey put an end to one of the cruelest conflicts of all time, which is rightfully often referred to as the Great War. With its multifaceted repercussions, the First World War certainly represented one of the most crucial breaking points in the development of modern Europe. For many countries and nations, it was the actual start of the 20th century. However, it also signaled the end of a fairly brief dominance and the beginning of the fall of the old continent, which was brought forth as a result of the second global conflict, the Cold War between the superpowers, as well as the dissolution of the global empires of the European superpowers. The end of the Great War and its impact, including the unequivocally democratizing and socially revolutionary waves, was an attempt at a new, fundamentally changed organization of international life and its current established order. The Parisian aftermath radically transformed the composition of the face of Europe: as a result of the dissolution of the monarchies – the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, Tsarist Russia and Austria-Hungary – and laid the foundation for a new European continent, which basically exists to this day in spite of changes caused by the Second World War.
… Read more
The Paris Peace Conference put the First World War in the past. Signatures of individual peace treaties with defeated countries Germany, Austria, Hungary and their allies Bulgaria and Turkey put an end to one of the cruelest conflicts of all time, which is rightfully often referred to as the Great War. With its multifaceted repercussions, the First World War certainly represented one of the most crucial breaking points in the development of modern Europe. For many countries and nations, it was the actual start of the 20th century. However, it also signaled the end of a fairly brief dominance and the beginning of the fall of the old continent, which was brought forth as a result of the second global conflict, the Cold War between the superpowers, as well as the dissolution of the global empires of the European superpowers. The end of the Great War and its impact, including the unequivocally democratizing and socially revolutionary waves, was an attempt at a new, fundamentally changed organization of international life and its current established order. The Parisian aftermath radically transformed the composition of the face of Europe: as a result of the dissolution of the monarchies – the Ottoman Empire, the German Empire, Tsarist Russia and Austria-Hungary – and laid the foundation for a new European continent, which basically exists to this day in spite of changes caused by the Second World War.

Few aspects of the 1916 Central Asian revolt are more controversial than the measures taken by the Russian imperial authorities for its suppression. This article explores the punitive expeditions and settler vigilante violence against the Kyrgyz population of Semirech'e during and after the revolt, and the proposals to separate Kyrgyz and settlers by deporting the latter from the Issyk-Kul region and the Chu Valley to the mountains around Naryn. It argues that these persisted under the Provisional Government and into the early years of Bolshevik rule.

Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer Gesamtheit und ihren überaus komplexen Konsequenzen zu fassen. Mindestens ebenso schwierig ist es für kleinere sozialen Entitäten, die blutigen, schockierenden, traumatischen und tieftraurigen persönlichen Erfahrungen, die ein Krieg mit sich bringt, zu begreifen. Dennoch sind die Assoziationen, die mit dem historischen Ereignis und der Erfahrung Krieg einhergehen, vielfältiger und facettenreicher, als man zunächst annehmen könnte. Wie das Kriegsgeschehen und sein mittelbares sowie unmittelbares Nachspiel erlebt werden, ist abhängig davon, aus welcher Perspektive man einen Krieg und seinen Ausgang erlebt. Welche Motive ein Staat, eine Nation oder eine Gesellschaft gehabt hat, die Krieg führte, mit welchem Ergebnis dieser Krieg zu einem Ende kam und welche kollektiven oder auch persönlichen Erfahrungen mit ebendiesem Kriegsende verbunden waren, spielt daher die maßgebliche Rolle, wenn man über die Rezeptionsgeschichte und die Erinnerungskultur einer Nation an einen Krieg spricht und sich dieser Problematik mithilfe eines kunsthistorischen, archäologischen, architektonischen oder auch soziologischen Zugangs nähert.

In 1918 the Chinese scholar Cai Yuanpei published a series of essays regarding the Great War. In one of such essays Cai describes political and military actions taken by the main participants in the war as proof of influence or validity of three different philosophical theories: Nietzsche’s philosophy of power, Tolstoj’s Non-resistance and Kropotkin’s mutual aid, despite their explicit anarchic features. This paper analyses the essay step by step and tries to shed some light on the possible reasons for Cai’s interpretation.

Questa ricerca mira, sugli evidenti “valori” culturali, storici e architettonici del patrimonio militare ancora presenti nell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena, ad approfondire la conoscenza di queste strutture ea proporre idee e linee guida sulla loro conservazione e valorizzazione. Tra la fine del Settecento e la Prima Guerra Mondiale la difesa del territorio di La Maddalena si esprime soprattutto attraverso misure di protezione dei confini dalle invasioni straniere, prima del Regno di Sardegna e poi dell’Italia. I primi tentativi di aggressione risalgono alla fine del 1792, quando la Francia rivoluzionaria attaccò il Regno di Sardegna. All’inizio del XIX secolo l’arcipelago era dotato di altre strutture: oltre ai forti Balbiano e Santo Stefano, costruiti tra il 1790 e il 1792, sono stati costruiti i forti Carlo Felice e San Giorgio, sull’isola di Santo Stefano. Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, l’arcipelago di La Maddalena veniva fortificato. Alla fine della Prima Guerra Mondiale, cambiando le aree strategicamente importanti, lo Stato maggiore dell’esercito, con la Royal Navy, identifica nuove quindici aree industriali e demografiche che necessitano di protezione dal mare. Oggi, tale patrimonio culturale di grande importanza strategica e paesaggistica, vive in condizioni estreme ed è soggetto a spoliazioni e demolizioni; una situazione che richiede un’azione urgente, supportata da una fase preliminare di conoscenza e dallo sviluppo di specifici sistemi per la protezione e la valorizzazione.
This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the First World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century, the archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and San Giorgio, on the island of Santo Stefano. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

Die Spätblüte der preußisch-deutschen Monarchie unter Wilhelm II. und der Durchbruch der Massenmedien fielen in Deutschland zeitlich zusammen. Erstmals untersucht das Buch von Martin Kohlrausch, was diese Konstellation für die Ausbildung der politischen Medienberichterstattung, mehr aber noch für die wilhelminische Monarchie bedeutete.
Indem diese Studie die Zäsur von 1918 überschreitet, vermag sie vielschichtige, bisher kaum beachtete Verbindungen zwischen der gescheiterten wilhelminischen "Medienmonarchie" und den ubiquitären Führerkonzepten, die lange vor 1918 aufkamen, herauszuarbeiten. Dies geschieht auf Grundlage eines breiten, bisher nicht erschlossenen Quellenspektrums, insbesondere von über 1000 systematisch erschlossenen Zeitungsartikeln und einem umfangreichen Sample politischer Pamphlete.

Прва историографска синтеза о Смедереву и смедеревском крају у Првом светском рату. Књига је заснована на вишегодишњим научним истраживањима архивске, музеолошке и друге изворне грађе, као и до сада непознате стране и домаће старије мемоаристике. У креирању књиге, у великој мери коришћени су новији историографски резултати савремене  домаће, али и стране науке. Узимајући све у обзир, ова књига, по количини обрађене грађе, темама које су у њој обухваћене, као и методолошким приступом, представља значајан искорак у досадашњем проучавању Првог светског рата Смедерева и околине. Књига коју представљамо јесте прегледна, на научним основама заснована монографија у којој ће како стручна, тако и шира јавност наћи одговоре на многа питања из домена завичајне историје Првог светског рата.

La Russie est indéniablement la grande oubliée, en France, du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale et plus encore lorsqu’il s’agit de l’histoire des brigades venues combattre sur le front d’Orient. Cet article tend à montrer qu’il y a pourtant là un terrain particulièrement fertile, tant du point de vue de l’histoire diplomatique que de l’expérience combattante proprement dite.
Plan :
I - Entente et fronts périphériques en 1915
II - Les brigades russes au combat en Macédoine, 1916-1917
III - 1917 : Révolution macédoniennes
IV - Le démantèlement des brigades russes en Macédoine

The significance of the German philosopher and social thinker, Georg Simmel (1858–1918), is only now being recognised by intellectual historians. Through penetrating readings of Simmel's thought, taken as a series of reflections on the essence of modernity and modern civilisation, Efraim Podoksik places his ideas within the context of intellectual life in Germany, and especially Berlin, under the Kaiserreich. Modernity, characterised by the growing differentiation and fragmentation of culture and society, was a fundamental issue during Simmel's life, underpinning central intellectual debates in Imperial Germany. Simmel's thought is depicted here as an attempt at transforming the complexity of these debates into a coherent worldview that can serve as an effective guide to understanding their main parameters. Paying particular attention to the genealogy and usage of the concepts of Bildung, culture and civilisation in Germany, this study offers contextual analyses of Simmel's philosophies of culture, society, art, religion and the feminine, as well as his interpretations of Dante, Kant, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Goethe and Rembrandt.

In preparation for the marking of the centenary of the First World War, Historic Scotland and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) wished to characterise the ‘quantity and quality’ of the built heritage in Scotland that related to the prosecution of the war, and to enhance the record of that heritage in RCAHMS's Canmore database. The project definition required an estimate of the proportion of heritage  assets already designated, and an assessment of the quality of already-designated sites, and of their representativeness.

The project report lists the places and buildings that were identified, noting where appropriate the existing Canmore record number and whether the ‘asset’ was designated, or worthy of further investigation or review. Introductory text is also provided for all categories and sub-categories.

The project updated or created over 830 records in Canmore, representing over 600 sites, buildings and places, and introduced a greater degree of consistency in how they were described. In addition an outline list of Auxiliary Hospitals and civil hospitals that accommodated military patients was created. This total of over 800 ‘assets’ was considerably in excess of the 300–400 originally expected by the project sponsors.

This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the Second World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century the Archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and St. George, on the island of Saint Stephen. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

In 1915, a few months after the outbreak of the 1st World War, Sigmund Freud writes the essay Zeitgemäßes über Krieg und Tod, in which he reflects about the reason why war is still possible in a cultural advanced society like the western one and about the relation of modernity with the “evil”, violence and death. This article takes the move from this essay to analyse Erich Maria Remarque's novel Im Westen nichts Neues (1928-29) from an innovative point of view. Remarque himself argues in many interviews and articles that his book should neither be considered a historical report about the 1st World War nor only an antiwar-novel about the dramatic experience of a lost generation, but rather a genuin psychological novel. As a matter of fact, Im Westen nichts Neues tells about the human all too human mechanisms of violence and power by illustrating soberly the trauma of a generation thrown into a sort of “state of exception”, a state situated outside and at the same time inside civil society. Aim of this article is to expound how Freud and Remarque in their works about the 1st World War look from a very similar (and still sensitive) point of view at the complex relation between culture and war, civilisation and violence, psychology and power in the western modern society.

From 26 September to 11 November 1918, American Expeditionary Force (AEF) launched an attack in the Meuse-Argonne against the Germans. This paper intends to answer the largely unanswered question of how necessary were the losses that made the battle the bloodiest in U.S. military history. To address the topic, the U.S. Army’s training, or lack thereof, is analyzed. Each of the offensive’s six phases is assessed in detail, too. Although there is slightly more detail on the American side, the Germans’ role in the battle is discussed, with primary documents from the U.S. National Archives cited. Throughout the battle the First Army, through trial and error, improved its tactics, even though this effort was impeded by green replacements that increasingly brought units closer to authorized strength. In the end, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive was instrumental in ending the war on 11 November 1918.

Smedley Darlington Butler was born in 1881.  He was a Major General in the US Marine Corps, and witnessed the horrors of the First World War first-hand.

He retired in 1931, ran as a Republican Candidate for Senate in 1932, and died in a Philadelphia Naval Hospital in 1940. 

He was awarded two congressional medals of honor, one for the capture of Vera Cruz in Mexico, in 1914; the other for the capture of Fort Riviere in Haiti, in 1917.  He also received the distinguished service medal in 1919.

In the 1930s General Butler made a nationwide tour, giving his speech 'War Is A Racket'. 

The speech and accompanying booklet were so well recieved that he wrote a longer version as a small book.  A book which has since gained notoriety as an honest appraisal of modern warfare and the growth of an industry driving it.

The text provides an honest analysis of war profiteering from the misery of the First World War. ...

This thesis will examine how British male cross-dressing performance remained commercially and critically popular from 1918-1970, despite increased cultural anxieties about the links between gender variance and transgressive acts, behaviours, and categories of identity. Through an analysis of popular male cross-dressing in this period, I will explain how artists and their performances navigated the theatrical and cultural terrain to establish and cultivate mainstream success. Far from being an ‘outsider art’, male cross-dressing endured as an essential part of the fabric of British entertainment from the interwar period through the so-called ‘permissive society’ of the 1950s and 1960s. Even as the variety theatre declined and new forms of entertainment such as radio, film, and television emerged, male cross-dressers were pioneers of the entertainment industry, readily adapting to the changing nature of leisure. Equally, male cross-dressing performance was at the centre of many key public discussions in this period, including those regarding the changing nature of normative masculinities, sexual morality, the decriminalisation of certain homosexual acts, the proliferation of live erotic entertainment, and the breakdown of the official theatre censorship system. However, the centrality of male cross-dressing in relation to these key public debates has been scantly acknowledged by historians of interwar and postwar Britain, in spite of the enduring popularity of the art form in the 1910s through the 1960s. The first three chapters of this thesis investigate the significant manifestations of male cross-dressing performance from 1918-1970: touring revues featuring cross-dressing ex-servicemen in the interwar and post-Second World War periods, the pantomime dame in the interwar years through the 1950s, and the emergence of the drag queen in the 1950s and 1960s. The final chapter highlights areas in which male cross-dressing performance was deemed controversial through an investigation of the Lord Chamberlain’s censorship system. This thesis will argue that contemporary views of male cross-dressing were complex. I will seek to unpack the various regimes of knowledge as they related to the meanings, or absence of meaning, perceivably associated with male cross-dressing. In doing so, my study will reveal that the practice held different and often contradictory meanings for performers and audiences alike. For instance, some newspaper reviews of theatrical productions featuring cross-dressing troupe Les Rouges et Noirs, which this thesis will explore in great detail, made vague allusions to the authors finding gender variance both troubling and alluring. Statements to this effect ranged from the cautiously complimentary: ‘How they have managed to eliminate all trace of that subtle unpleasantness so often associated with this type of thing I know not,’ to the unabashedly positive: ‘Reg Stone [of Les Rouges] in particular… achieves a wonderful sexual transition, complete in all its details down to the white powdered arms and polished manicured fingernails, the dainty gestures and positively pretty little affectations of femininity.’ Male cross-dressing performed before an audience could at once be a source of pleasure and anxiety in a time when British mass entertainment reached a greater and more diverse range of spectators than ever before. It is my hope that this thesis will reorientate interest in interwar and postwar male cross-dressing performance and will inspire a more critical historical approach to the study of gender variance in the twentieth century.

Üç semavi dinin kutsal mekânı, Müslümanların ilk kıblesi Kudüs hakkında ne biliyoruz?
Uğrunda mücadeleler verilen ve asırlarca farklı hâkimiyetler altında kalan Kudüs tarih boyunca hep “Halilullah” şehri olarak saygı görmüştür. Mukaddes belde Kudüs, İslam Tarihi boyunca ama özellikle Osmanlı asırlarında bütün dinlerin bir arada yaşayabildiği bir barış adası olmuştur.
Bugün Filistin meselesi sürekli dünya gündeminde yüz yıldır çözüme kavuşturulamıyor. Bu kavganın sebebi bütün dinler nazarında mukaddes sayılan Kudüs’ün ve Mescid-i Aksâ’nın bu topraklar üzerinde yer almasıdır.
Elinizdeki kitap, dünyanın göz bebeği olan Kudüs’ün tarihine ve önemine ışık tutmak amacıyla kaleme alındı. Kudüs’ün tarih sahnesine çıktığı zamanlardan günümüze kadar olan serüveni ve semavi dinler için taşıdığı önemi bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla 100 soruda (başlıkta) anlatıldı. Tarihi süreklilik gözetilerek seçilen sorular cevaplanırken olay örgülerinin arka planı ve sonrasında ortaya çıkan durumlar akıcı bir dille aktarıldı. Eserde verilen soruların cevapları titiz bir çalışmanın ürünü olarak ortaya konuldu. Kitap, güvenilir kaynaklara ve arşiv belgelerine ve onlara dayalı yapılan akademik çalışmalara müracaat edilerek yazıldı.
Elinizdeki kitap, Kudüs okumaları yapacaklar için ilk başvuru kitabı; Kudüs'e seyahat edecekler için de bir tarihi rehber olarak hazırlandı.

1914–1991 arası dönemi analiz eden “Diplomasi Tarihi II” kitabını yazmaya bizi yönlendiren en temel faktör kısa bir süre içinde üç baskı yapan  “Diplomasi Tarihi I” kitabımıza meslektaşlarımızdan ve öğrencilerimizden gelen olumlu eleştirilerdir.
Bize doğru yolda olduğumuzu gösterdiğiniz ve ışık tuttuğunuz için sonsuz teşekkür ederiz.
Umarız bir devam kitabı niteliğinde olan bu eserimizde diplomasi tarihi / siyasi tarih / uluslararası ilişkiler tarihi / dünya tarihi üzerine kısa bir zaman içinde hızlı fakat doğru bilgiler edinmek isteyenlerin yanı sıra başta KPSS, lisansüstü giriş sınavları, doktora yeterlik, doçentlik olmak üzere birçok sınava hazırlananlara fayda sağlayacaktır. 8 Bölüm üzerinden oluşturulan kitabın ana başlıkları şöyledir:
1. Bölüm: 1. Dünya Savaşı’nın Diplomasinin Gelişimine Etkileri
2. Bölüm : İki Savaş Arası Dönemdeki Olayların Diplomasinin Gelişimine Etkileri
3. Bölüm : 2. Dünya Savaşı’nın Diplomasinin Gelişimine Etkileri
4. Bölüm : 1945–1955: Soğuk Savaş’ın İlk Yıllarında Diplomasi
5. Bölüm : 1955–1962: İstikrarsız Karşıtlık Dönemi’nde Diplomasi
6. Bölüm : 1962–1979: Détente (Yumuşama) Dönemi’nde Diplomasi
7. Bölüm : 1979–1985: İkinci Soğuk Savaş Dönemi’nde Diplomasi
8. Bölüm: 1985-1991: Soğuk Savaş’ın Son Yıllarında Diplomasi
Çok uzun bir sürecin ürünü olan bu çalışmada bizlere yazıları ile destek olan tüm meslektaşlarımıza hem fotoğraf ve harita bularak hem de dil ve anlatım yönünde düzeltme yaparak katkı sağlayan araştırma görevlilerine, Diplomasi Araştırmaları Derneği’nin stajyerlerine ve öğrencilerimize içten teşekkür ederiz.
Kitaba yazıları ile katkı veren hocalarımız alfabetik sıra ile şöyledir:

A. Burak DARICILI: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi) Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Ali Servet ÖNCÜ: (Doç. Dr.) Atatürk Üniversitesi
Atasay ÖZDEMİR: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi) Milli Savunma Üniversitesi
Barış ÖZDAL: (Prof. Dr.)                      Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Fatma Zeynep ÖZKURT: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi) Nişantaşı Üniversitesi
Fırat PURTAŞ: (Prof. Dr.)                      Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Üniversitesi
Kader ÖZLEM: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi)                  Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Kamuran REÇBER: (Prof. Dr.)                    Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Mehmet Sait DİLEK: (Doç. Dr.)              Atatürk Üniversitesi
Murat JANE: (Ar. Gör.)                                Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
R. Kutay KARACA: (Prof. Dr.)                  İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi
Öner AKGÜL: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi)                Ahi Evran Üniversitesi
Seçil ÖZDEMİR: (Dr. Öğr. Üyesi)                Bartın Üniversitesi
Serhat ERKMEN: (Doç. Dr.)                  Jandarma ve Sahil Güvenlik Akademisi
Sezgin KAYA: (Doç. Dr.)                              Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Sibel TURAN: (Prof. Dr.)                            Trakya Üniversitesi

                                    Prof. Dr. Barış ÖZDAL
                                    Prof. Dr. R. Kutay KARACA

«Τα αίτια του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου είχαν σχέση με την αποτυχία των όρων
ειρήνης του 1919-1920» (E.M. Burns). Να εντοπίσετε και να σχολιάσετε τις
συνέπειες του Α΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου και τους όρους των συνθηκών ειρήνης που
συνδέονται με τις κρίσεις στην Ευρώπη του μεσοπολέμου και την πορεία της ηπείρου
προς τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο.

The great exhibition of Volta in 1899 and the exhibition of Ercole Ferrata and the Intelvesi masters held in Pellio in 1910 had the merit of focus the attention of scholars on a historical and artistic heritage still largely unexplored as warned Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri and Peter Toesca, engaged on the territory in cataloging campaigns and on the press in complaint action. After the end of World War I, in 1920, they were held exhibitions aimed to present to a wider audience the works of art admitted to wartime in warehouses set up in Rome and returned to their places of origin, under the guidance of Nello Tarchiani. This exhibition program had a dual purpose: on the one hand the public awareness towards heritage, on the other the celebration of victory, and the effectiveness of the protection measures implemented by the military command and the organs of the Ministry of Education. In this vein it is located, a few decades later, the publication of the Inventario degli oggetti d’arte della provincia di Sondrio, the ninth volume of a historic ministerial series, published in 1938. However, when that same year it was organized in Sondrio a big exhibition of painting and portrait from the XVth to the XIXth century, the intent were far from conservation and protection and turned to nationalistic propaganda. The article means to establish the mixed reception by scholars and the public, through the study of reviews and museographic programs, highlighting the connection with the activities of protection and cataloging in the territory and with the historical research.