History

En julio de 1994, un atentado por explosivos hizo colapsar el edificio de concreto de 8 plantas de la Asociacion Mutual Israelita Argentina AMIA Se produjeron 264 victimas, 86 fatales, 2 desaparecidos y 176 heridos. Al Hospital de Clinicas llegaron 84 victimaso sea el 45,5 por ciento de los que requirieron atencion medica. Se internaron 40 y el 25 por ciento cumplieron con los criterios de trauma mayor, con una mortalidad del 25 por ciento, 3 por traumatismos severos de abdomen y 2 por sindromes por aplastamiento. La sobrecategorizacion fue del 50 por ciento para los internados y del 73,2 por ciento del total de asistidos. Se discuten los efectos que produjo la explosion, el manejo hospitalario del desastre, asi como los patrones lesionales y la severidad de las lesiones. Se investigo la ubicacion de las victimas hospitalizadas al momento de la explosion y se la correlaciono con la distancia al epicentro, el nivel de proteccion y la gravedad de las lesiones. Consideramos de importan...

In 1400 an immense Chinese fleet of hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men sailed through the seas, reaching Indonesia, India, Persia, Arabia and Africa: sent by a proud emperor to bring to the world the glory and the power of the Ming, was commanded by the most famous of the Chinese admirals, an eunuch named Zheng He. The ships carried valuable books, precious fabrics, delicate and beautiful ceramics, in addition to gold and silver destined for the princes of the visited countries, and were taking back in China exotic merchandise to show at court with the ambassadors of the Asian world who prostrated themselves in submission: for this reason they were called Treasures Ships. The history and descriptions of the peoples met are presented based on the news collected by previous and following travellers, as well as by the chroniclers who followed the fleet leaving a testimony of the voyages that had been accomplished. Despite the fact that the surviving information is very limited, this book narrates the missions of the Fleet of the Treasures between 1405 and 1433, attempting to reconstruct the routes likely to have been followed on the basis of the sea and wind conditions, phased by the monsoon cycle and detected today with precision by the satellites. After a thirty-year long endeavour the Chinese retired from the sea, cancelled the travels reports, destroyed the ships renouncing to sail and remained helpless in face of the penetration of European Navies before and of the Japanese aggression afterward. Today, China is currently rebuilding a large fleet that is already carrying its weight in home and neighbouring waters and its flag in the oceans, retracing the endeavour accomplished 600 years ago.

The Treasures Ships English edition
Author Stefano Cariolato
December 2017 Ebook
ISBN-13: 9788827802380
ISBN-10: 882780238X

The financial planning industry in Australia has experienced significant reform in the last decade. This reform has not only made a considerable impact on financial planners but also on other groups such as the accounting profession, regulators, the financial services industry, educators and consumers. Although consumer protection was at the heart of this reform, it has also prompted the industry and other groups to consider financial planning as a profession. This paper begins with a definition of financial planning, followed by a discussion of the historical origins of financial planning. Several examples are used to illustrate how the industry has developed and changed over time considering the impact of social, cultural, institutional, political and economic factors. Particular attention is given to the role of the accounting profession and government regulation in Australia. The paper concludes with a discussion of the professionalisation of financial planning in light of the i...

The following article is about the political activities by a group of women from a women’s sector Neuquen who encourage winds of change in the whole region. This is also evidence that the above mentioned actions are new and arise from their own demands, due to the fact that they question the traditional role that is assigned them results. This process from the laziness from the process suffered during 2001 and from the inequalites of a patriarchal society. In consequence we believe there exist unavoidable precedents that must be dealt with amongthem the actions of the Mothers of Plaza from Neuquen, the Women’s National VII Meetings in the meeting neuquino (1992), the new vision of the left side, the femane pickts (1996) and dissident voices from the academic world and from Neuquen. Smail grupos of feminists carry out these activities together with a number of autonomous women, which gives birth to a new female political subject in the valley area.

The modern concept of the tree of life originated as a popular, iconic synthesis of the Darwinian evolutionary theory of descent by modification even if Darwin's own trees were hypothetical and abstract. It is generally thought that Ernst Haeckel in 1866 was the first to publish a true evolutionary tree which showed actual taxa. It is apparently forgotten that St. George Mivart beginning in 1865 made significant contributions to the development of evolutionary based trees of life which dealt with primate evolution, including human phylogeny. His trees were built on the most extensive sets of original data published up to that time, and were clearly articulated as working hypotheses. Mivart's trees were surprisingly modern for appearance and for content. Not only are most taxonomic names still in use today, but also many of the issues he raised are still under discussion in current scientific literature. The history of biology and especially that of primatology in the 19th ce...

As a result of experiences during the Second World War, Australian strategists came to believe that it was essential to make sure that Portuguese Timor could not be used by any forces hostile to Australia in any future conflict. In 1943, Australia made an agreement with Portugal that it would meet for discussions on trade, mutual defence and other matters concerning Portuguese Timor as soon as practicable. It was with this aim in mind that Australia appointed its first consul to Portuguese Timor, who arrived in Dili on 26 January 1946. That consul, Charles Eaton, seems to have been optimistic of Australian opportunities to develop trade and defence arrangements with the Portuguese and that optimism appears to have been shared by the Australian government. By the time Eaton was replaced in October 1947, however, that enthusiasm appears to have been on the wane. By late 1949, Australia was considering closing its consulate in Dili and the second consul, Doug White, was withdrawn on 23...

JQRSS Qualitative Researcher Awards
Congratulations to the following researchers who have been recognised by the JQRSS Editorial Board for their outstanding research activities, scholarly conduct and valuable contribution to the journal.
Rachael Lear: Volume 1, Issue 1, (2007)
Lear, R. and Palmer, C. (2007) Is there life after playing football? Investigating the perspectives of football coaches at a club in the North West of England. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 1, 1, 19-32.
Paul Gow: Volume 2, Issue 1, (2008)
Gow, P. and Rookwood, J. (2008) Doing it for the team - examining the causes of contemporary English football hooliganism. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 2, 1, 71-82.
Keith McGregor: Volume 3, Issue 1, (2009)
McGregor, K. and Palmer, C. (2009) It’s not the falling I’m worried about it’s hitting the ground - investigating the fear of falling, comfort zones and camaraderie between extreme grade rock climbers. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 3, 1, 127-146.
Chris Hughes: Volume 4, Issue 1, (2010)
Hughes, C. and Palmer, C. (2010) Examining a coaching philosophy through ethnographic principles – Winter with Woolton. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 4, 1, 23-48.
Beki Price: Volume 5, Issue 1, (2011)
Price, B. and Varrall, S. (2011) Doing and representing qualitative research: a human perspective (Part 1: visual). Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 5, 1, 59-86.
Price, B. and Gilbourne, D. (2011) Doing and representing qualitative research: a human perspective (Part 2: textual). Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 5, 1, 87-100.
Sarah Nickless: Volume 6, Issue 1, (2012)
Nickless, S. and Palmer, C. (2012) Crawling through experience. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 6, 1, 1-12.
Joseph Pryle: Volume 7, Issue 1, (2013)
Pryle, J. and Palmer, C. (2013) Cricket provision in schools – is the system flawed? An ethnographic investigation. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 7, 1, 27-86.
Nicola Hamilton: Volume 8, Issue 1, (2014)
Hamilton, N. and Palmer, C. (2014) Learning to ride a bike-a qualitative study of cycling and the Bikeability programme. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 8, 1, 17-88.
Sheri Treadwell: Volume 9, Issue 1, (2015)
Sheri Treadwell and Jim Stiehl (2015) Advocating for change in rural Physical Education: a middle school perspective through Photovoice and student SHOWeD analysis. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 9, 1, 107-162.
James Edwards: Volume 10, Issue 1, (2016)
Edwards, J. and Palmer, C. (2016) Getting home. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 10, 1, 127-156.
David Grecic: Volume 11, Issue 1, (2017)
Grecic, D. (2017) Making sense of skill – a personal narrative of becoming more skilled at skill. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 11, 1, 33-48.
Carmen Byrne: Volume 12, Issue 1, (2018)
Byrne, C. and Palmer, C. (2018) Hero, heroine or outcast? A quest for understanding through critical dialogue: the Research Goddess and me. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 12, 1, 1-34.
Maksim Berdnikov: Volume 13, Issue 1, (2019)
Berdnikov, M. and Krieger, J. (2019) Education facilitators at youth mega-events: practical and methodological considerations. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 13, 1, 111-126.
Hazel Isaacs: Volume 14, Issue 1, (2020)
Isaacs, H. and Palmer, C. (2020) Let’s waste some time: an autoethnographic study of procrastination. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 14, 1, 1-48.
Susan Thomas: Volume 15, Issue 1, (2021)
Thomas, S. and Palmer, C. (2021) When nature and tech connect – a case for using Augmented Reality in the Outdoors. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 15, 1, 1-28.

After the Second World War and until 1990, Bulgaria, as most of the former communist countries from the Eastern Europe, implemented a Semashko healthcare system developed in the USSR. Named after the First People's Commissar of Health of the Soviet Russia, Nikolai Semashko, Soviet health care was developed as "social health care", trying to also eliminate the social reasons for illness, thus transforming society and economy as a whole. This type of system was based on the centrally planned principles, on rigid management and on the state monopoly. Consequently, the healthcare system created by the Ministry of Health was integrated and centralized, completely controlled by the state. The system of health services in Bulgara from 1944 to 1990 was inspired by the Soviet model Semashko, a centralized state system, which seemed to guarantee "free access to health services for the entire population". In the research the author focuses on the policies in the field of public health in Bulgaria between 1944 and 1951, when the "Sovietization" in this field took place.

POLAND AND JAPAN AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR. ON THE 60 TH ANNIVERSARY OF REESTABLISHING OFFICIAL RELATIONS The offi cial relations between Poland and Japan started in 1919. Throughout the entire interwar era, till December 1945, when Poland declared war on Japan, they were friendly, although due to geopolitical conditions not especially intense. After the war, the Iron Curtain fell deeper between East and West, and the division between the two camps became sharper. Postwar Poland became totally dependent on the USSR, which impacted the Polish foreign policy towards Japan. This paper examines the negotiations between Poland and Japan which proceeded in the years 1947-1957, and the problem of reestablishing offi cial relations between the two countries after the war.

En la década de 1890, en pleno boom del caucho, los barcos de vapor comienzan a recorrer lentamente la Amazonía boliviana. El escenario es prometeico: la goma construye fortunas en medio de la selva, se planean ferrocarriles que modernizarán el país, se trazan proyectos para canalizar los ríos y las firmas caucheras inician una carrera naval que transforma la navegación precaria de canoas, monterías y batelones. El discurso tecnófilo plantea al vapor como una revolución copernicana que lo cambia todo: posibilita el progreso social y el desarrollo económico, aniquila el tiempo y el espacio, libera el transporte de las constricciones de la geografía, refuerza la soberanía nacional en la frontera. ¿Pero conviene reducir el barco cauchero a ícono del progreso civilizador o a un mecanismo de la agenda nacionalista? Se trata de analizar qué sucede con el barco propiamente dicho más allá de ese contexto singular, sin diluirlo en una economía política, y de procurar reconstruir las biografías, las historias y los imaginarios del barco y de la gente del barco, pero a la vez la experiencia de una navegación inédita que cifra nuevas percepciones del río y de la selva: porque ciertamente hay una concepción técnica de la navegación fluvial a vapor, pero hay también una cierta belleza estética del barco, un cierto simbolismo, una cierta nostalgia o memoria afectiva del barco como artefacto que una lectura atenta de las fuentes históricas puede ayudarnos a recuperar. (Bolivia - Amazonía - Antropología histórica - Extractivismo - Mecanización - Barcos - Caucho)

Afghanistan masih belum terlihat akan mencapai stabilitas politik pasca Taliban kembali menguasai hampir seluruh wilayahnya. Bahkan sebenarnya instabilitas politik bukan hanya terjadi sejak Mei dan pertengahan Agustus ini sebagai puncaknya, tetapi selama hampir setengah abad terakhir jika dihitung dari mulainya invasi negara lain terhadap mereka. Beberapa ahli atau pemerhati politik berharap momentum perubahan kekuasaan pemerintahan kepada Taliban menjadi momentum yang tepat untuk melakukan diplomasi internal diantara  mereka sendiri. Tetapi, mungkin saja tidak sama sekali

Niezwykłym elementem Krakowa są Błonia - na pozór zwykła łąka w środku miasta, ale w istocie miejsce historyczne, wpisane do rejestru zabytków. Felieton rozpoczyna serię opowieści o historii tego niezwykłego miejsca. Kolejne felietony z tej serii przedstawiać będą jego dzieje w kolejnych stuleciach i uzasadnią tę decyzję uczynienia łąki - zabytkiem. Wszystkie kolejne felietony są udostępnione w serwisie Academia.edu,

The Sedlec Ossuary is a small Roman Catholic chapel, located beneath the Cemetery Church of All Saints (Czech: Hřbitovní kostel Všech Svatých), part of the former Sedlec Abbey in Sedlec, a suburb of Kutná Hora in the Czech Republic.
The ossuary is estimated to contain the skeletons of between 40,000 and 70,000 people, whose bones have, in many cases, been artistically arranged to form decorations and furnishings for the chapel.

Four enormous bell-shaped mounds occupy the corners of the chapel. An enormous chandelier of bones, which contains at least one of every bone in the human body, hangs from the center of the nave with garlands of skulls draping the vault. Other works include piers and monstrances flanking the altar, a coat of arms of the House of Schwarzenberg, and the signature of František Rint, also executed in bone, on the wall near the entrance.

In 1278, Henry, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery in Sedlec, was sent to the Holy Land by King Otakar II of Bohemia. He returned with a small amount of earth he had removed from Golgotha and sprinkled it over the abbey cemetery. The word of this pious act soon spread and the cemetery in Sedlec became a desirable burial site throughout Central Europe.

In the mid 14th century, during the Black Death, and after the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century, many thousands were buried in the abbey cemetery, so it had to be greatly enlarged.

Around 1400, a Gothic church was built in the center of the cemetery with a vaulted upper level and a lower chapel to be used as an ossuary for the mass graves unearthed during construction, or simply slated for demolition to make room for new burials.

After 1511, the task of exhuming skeletons and stacking their bones in the chapel was given to a half-blind monk of the order.

Between 1703 and 1710, a new entrance was constructed to support the front wall, which was leaning outward, and the upper chapel was rebuilt. This work, in the Czech Baroque style, was designed by Jan Santini Aichel.

In 1870, František Rint, a woodcarver, was employed by the Schwarzenberg family to put the bone heaps into order, yielding a macabre result.
The signature of Rint, also executed in bone, appears on the wall near the entrance to the chapel.

India was divided on the basis of  two nation theory into India and Pakistan. Sikhs were considered as part of the Hindus along with Jains and Buddhists. During political parleys with the British, the Sikhs were  invited as equal partners with Muslim League and Indian National Congress but Sikh leaders failed to put up their case with the acumen and political wisdom desired at such meetings. The Paper presents summary of three Reports.

The concept of Pan-Asianism focused on the common origins and cultures of Asian peoples, and the common purpose of protecting this common culture from Western intrusion. Many Asian peoples were inspired by this idea. However, the attitude of the Mongols was ambiguous because Pan-Asianism was an idea used by big powers, Japan and China, to protect their own interests. This idea would potentially undermine Mongol aspiration for creating an independent state from China. Mongols avoided using the term pan-Asianism or Asianism, but instead used various indirect expressions such as "Peace in East Asia,"  "Order in East Asia," or "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" to showed their interest in the wide-area international community. This paper examines how Mongols under Japanese influence in the 1930s understood and imagined an East Asian Community.

Este artículo examina las acciones de inteligencia y represión hacia los exiliados chilenos en Argentina que se realizaron entre 1983 y 1988 por parte de agentes y fuerzas de seguridad chilenas. Junto a ello, busca caracterizar las experiencias represivas vividas por la comunidad exiliada en Argentina y comprender cómo se nutrió la representación de una “amenaza trasandina” que, desde 1986, implicó la multiplicación de distintas caras del control y la vigilancia. Este trabajo se apoya en distintos documentos estatales, diplomáticos y producidos por agentes de inteligencia, así como en prensa de la época. Su hipótesis es que la existencia de infiltrados y agentes de represión extraterritorial en Argentina tensionó el proceso de pacificación que ambos países llevaban adelante desde 1984 a raíz del conflicto bélico por el Canal del Beagle, insinuando la necesidad de implementar un plan de coordinación represiva a ambos lados de la cordillera.

사회 세계 (MSW)를 aking에 자세히 언급하기 전에 m나는 먼저 철학 (설명 심리학)과 Searle (S)와 비트 겐슈타인 (W)의 작품에서 예시로 현대 심리학 연구와의 관계에 대한 몇 가지 의견을 제공 할 것입니다, 나는 이것이 행동에 Searle 또는 어떤 해설자를 배치하는 가장 좋은 방법이라고 생각하기 때문에, 적절한 관점에서. 그것은 크게 설명 심리학의이 두 천재에 의해 PNC, TLP, PI, OC, TARW 및 기타 책의 내 리뷰를 볼 도움이 될 것입니다.

S는 TLP의 메커니즘으로 W의 선견지명 진술과 그의 후기 작업에서 그의 파괴에 대한 언급을하지 않습니다. W, S는 행동의 이러한 기계적 견해의 주요 해체자가되었다, 그리고 가장 중요한 설명 심리학자 (철학자), 하지만 W가 그를 완전히 예상하고, 크게, 다른 사람을 수행 (하지만 W, 튜링과 AI에 프라우드 풋과 코플랜드의 많은 논문과 책을 참조하십시오). S의 작품은 W보다 훨씬 쉽게 따라할 수 있으며, 일부 전문 용어가 있지만 올바른 방향으로 접근하면 대부분 극적으로 분명합니다. 자세한 내용은 W S 및 기타 책에 대한 내 리뷰를 참조하십시오.

전반적으로, MSW는 작업의 S의 반세기에서 발생하는 Wittgenstein을 통해 많은 실질적인 발전의 좋은 요약이지만, 내 보기에, W는 여전히 그가 말하는 것을 파악하면 기본 심리학에 대한 타의 추종을 불허합니다 (내 리뷰 참조). 이상적으로,  그들은 함께 읽어야한다 : S1 / S2의 운영W의 기발한 예와 함께 설명 S2 / S3의 운영에 명확한 일관된 산문과 일반화에 대한 Searle, 그의 화려한 격언. 제가 훨씬 어렸을 때, 저는 그 일을 하는 책을 쓰곤 했습니다.

현대 의 두 시스템 보기에서인간의 행동에 대한 포괄적 인 최신 프레임 워크를 원하는 사람들은 내 책을 참조 할 수 있습니다'철학의 논리적 구조, 심리학, 민d와 루드비히  비트겐슈타인과 존 Searle의언어'  2nd ed (2019). 내 글의 더 많은 관심있는 사람들은 '이야기 원숭이를 볼 수 있습니다-철학, 심리학, 과학, 종교와 운명 행성에 정치 - 기사 및 리뷰 2006-2019 3 rd 에드 (2019) 및 21st  세기 4번째  에드 (2019)  및 기타에서 자살 유토피아 망상.

Шинэ төрлийн Covid-19 вирусын хямралын дараах олон улсын нөхцөл байдал Дэлхий дахиныг хамраад буй Covid-19 буюу шинэ төрлийн цар тахалын хүмүүсийн өдөр тутмын амьдрал, улс төр, эдийн засагт оруулж буй өөрчлөлт, цаашдын дэлхий нийтийн хэтийн төлвийн тухай урьдчилан санал дэвшүүлсэн судлаачид, философчид, онолчид цөөнгүй байна. Ерөнхийд нь эдгээр судлаачдын үзэл санаанаас харахад шинэ төрлийн короно вирусын хямралын дараа дэлхийн улс төр, эдийн засаг, нийгэм хэрхэн өөрчлөгдөх тухай хоёр төрлийн хандлага ажиглагдаж байна. Эхнийх нь одоогийн бидний байгаа дэлхий ертөнц бүхлээрээ өөрчлөгдөнө. Нөгөө талаас хүмүүсийн амьдралын зарим хэв маяг, харилцаануудад өөрчлөлт орох ч, дийлэнх өөрчлөлт нь түр зуурынх бөгөөд хэсэг хугацааны дараа бүх зүйлс хэвэндээ орно гэж үзэж байна. Гэсэн хэдий ч Covid-19 нийгэм улс төр, эдийн засагт өөрчлөлт авчирна гэсэн хандлага одоогийн байдлаар давамгайлсаар байна. Тиймээс эдгээр судлаачдын дэвшүүлж буй ирээдүйн дэлхийн талаарх үзэл санааг улс төр, эдийн засаг, нийгмийн харилцаа гэсэн гурван үндсэн хэсэгт ангилан авч үзлээ. Улс төрийн өөрчлөлтүүд • Дэлхийн хүчний харьцаа баруунаас зүүн тийш буюу Европоос Азид шилжиж байна. Жишээ нь: Stephen M. Walt (Harvard University дахь олон улсын харилцааны профессор) хэлэхдээ "Короновирус төрийн эрх мэдлийг нэмэгдүүлж, үндэсний үзлийг өдөөж өгөх болно. Иргэдийн глобалчлалын үйл явцад итгэх итгэл буурч, төрд итгэх итгэлээ нэмэгдүүлж байна. Дэлхийн улс төрийн хүчний харьцаа Баруунаас Зүүнрүү шилжих болно. Учир нь бид Өмнөд Солонгос, Сингапур зэрэг Азийн улсууд хэрхэн шуурхай, зохион байгуулалттай ажиллаж байгааг харлаа. Хэдийгээр Хятад улс өвчлөлийн эхний үед алдаа гаргасан ч цаашдын арга хэмжээг шуурхай авч чадлаа. Харин Европ болон АНУ харьцангуй удаан, зохион байгуулалтгүй ажиллаж, барууны, хөгжингүй гэсэн нэр хүндээ алдлаа. Дүгнэж хэлэхэд дэлхий өмнө байснаасаа бага нээлттэй, бага эрх чөлөөтэй байх болов уу. Хэдийгээр ийм байх ёсгүй ч гэсэн вирусын тархац, буруу төлөвлөгөө, муу удирлагын хоршил энэхүү зөгнөлийг бодит болгох болно." гэжээ. 1 Сингапурын Үндэсний их сургуулийн багш Kishore Mahbubani COVID-19 дэлхийн хэтийн чигийг үндсээр нь өөрчилнө гэж харахгүй байна. Харин АНУ төвтэй даяарчлалыг Хятад төвтэй даяарчлал болгон өөрчлөх болов уу. Учир нь АНУ-ын иргэд Трамп байсан байгаагүй чөлөөт худалдаа, даяарчлалд итгэх итгэлээ алдсан. Харин Хятад чөлөөт худалдааны ачаар одоогийн түвшинд хүрсэн, дэлхийн хаана ч өрсөлдөх чадвартай болсон гэсэн бүрэн итгэлтэй байгаа учир энэхүү үйл явцыг дэмжин ажиллах болов уу. 2 Kori Schake (the International Institute for Strategic Studies-ын дэд захирал) АНУ дэлхийн лидер улсын байр сууриа алдаж байгааг онцоллоо. Учир нь лидер улс 1 Available on: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/ 2 Ibid.,

Is historical scholarship increasingly "Balkanized"?  My standard of judgment is whether the output of research historians helps provide information and form the judgements of working policymakers and public servants.  "If historians are writing 'more and more about less and less,' I say fine."

A theory about mans role in history based on simple examples of history. Human nature is essentially same, man can fight or kill for anything and any idea whether based on ideology, nationalism or class, it can divide people of the same race, even the same religion and even of the same family. The ulterior motivation is always personal or class interest disguised in the garb of high sounding slogans! I want to give certain concrete historical examples to prove this harmless assertion. Take Spain of 1930s. One race, one country, one religion, and one sect. The struggle is between the feudal-clergy-military junta and the republicans asking for more equitable distribution of resources! No Two-Nation Theory but the Spaniards fight savagely for three years! Mind you there were no fighting in the Indian Freedom Struggle, as we like to call it, although the transfer of power was more the result of war exhaustion brought upon the British Empire as a result of two world wars! The result of the fighting between the Republicans and Monarchists under Franco1, 600,000 Spaniards were killed! In the Russians Civil War fought from 1917 to 1922 the casualties; killed only, were 1 crore or ten million!2 Russian killed Russians simply because one was from Denikin Kolchak or Yudenich’s White Army and another from Trotsky or Lenin’s Red Army! Even a Menshevik Communist killed another Russian simply because the other man was a Bolshevik Communist! The Chinese Civil War lasting from 1911 with uneven intervals till 1949 was equally brutal with Chinese killing Chinese in the name of an ideology conceived by a German of Jewish ancestry to liberate the workers of the world! The Britishers were horrified with the brutal pillage and destruction of Muslim Rohailkhand3 following conquest of Hindustani Pathan Muslim Rohailkhand by Shia Muslim of Oudh through hiring a British-Indian Brigade of the Honourable English East India Company! What is the lesson! That man can fight for anything, not because two nations are different or war is inevitable between them or because Pakistan or India was inevitable; but simply because “Aggression” is ingrained in the human character! It is justified in the name of class war, war between two nations, a football riot or wars of successions between real brothers!

Przed lubelskim sądem toczyła się w latach 1660-1662 sprawa o czary i spędzenie płodu, w której oskarżoną była Regina, żona Stanisława Sokołka. Protokoły z tego postępowania ukazały się drukiem już w 1947 roku, opracowane przez Mirosławę Zakrzewską-Dubasową (Dąbrowską-Zakrzewską). Jak się jednak okazuje, praca ta nie zawierała pełnego zapisu sprawy!

Akta procesu, który zakończył się skazaniem oskarżonej na spalenie na stosie i infamię, znajdują się w dwóch księgach przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie (zespół Akta miasta Lublina). Pierwsze przesłuchania (rozpoczynające się w roku 1660) zostały zapisane w księdze wójtowsko-ławniczej (sygn. 109), kolejne, z lat 1661-1662, wraz z odpisami decyzji Sądu Asesorskiego, do którego oskarżona się odwoływała, znajdują się w księdze urzędu radzieckiego (sygn. 169). O ile protokoły procesu z drugiej księgi, opublikowano w 1947 roku prawie w całości, to wiele fragmentów z akt wójtowsko-ławniczych zostało wówczas, z nieznanych powodów, pominiętych.

Odnalezione przeze mnie niedawno niezwykle interesujące wpisy dotyczą przede wszystkim początkowego etapu procesu. Można się z nich dowiedzieć, co tak naprawdę było przyczyną wszczęcia postępowania (czyli o jakie dokładnie „czary” oskarżono Reginę) oraz jakie zeznania składali przesłuchiwani wówczas świadkowie (m.in. Teresa German, Anna Gorycka, Józef Piskorek i Dorota z Dyskiego Gościńca). Znalezione fragmenty wieńczy tekst przysięgi oczyszczającej, którą przed sądem miała złożyć oskarżona.

Czy dysponując prawie kompletnym zapisem procesu, co w przypadku spraw o czary nie jest częstym zjawiskiem, będziemy w stanie lepiej zrozumieć przyczyny i okoliczności wszczęcia postępowania przeciwko Reginie? A może odwrotnie, nowe materiały jeszcze bardziej wszystko zagmatwają?