History of Cyprus

After the death of Alexander III in 323 BC, the coinage in his name and with his types continued to be issued by his successors. This posthumous coinage has been the object of various studies and discussions in the past decades because of the important volume of the coinage and also because of the difficulties of the attribution.

The present paper will discuss the posthumous Alexanders that were produced in various city-kingdoms in Cyprus, in Egypt (Memphis and Alexandria) and in Cyrene from 323 down to the end of the fourth century, also in relation to the local autonomous coinages of those areas. The above areas of control of Ptolemy I present a certain interest because the coinage in his own name and image replaced as early as the end of the fourth century the coinage in the name and types of Alexander, while his numismatic policy was particular and unique. In parallel, the paper will address in detail questions of attribution -or reattribution- of series and the circulation of those coinages abroad, based on the hoard evidence.

This chapter provides a historical background to the present book and contributes to the international literature about the RoC by exploring the important drivers behind the country’s foreign policy, from 1960 to 2004. These drivers encompass not only the unfolding of the Cyprus Problem and important international developments but also the concepts of national survival and prosperity. The present overview is done through the prism of the RoC’s relations with international organisations and adopts a
thematic structure to tie together the drivers behind the RoC’s alignment (or not) with key international organisations. This approach accommodates the better understanding of the country’s international orientation at various periods of its Modern History.

The Perfume of Cyprus is an interesting and through-provoking read. Maria Rosaria Belgiorno demonstrates the significance of the production and use of perfumes from the Bronze Age to the present day with the case study of the wonderful archaeological site of Pyrgos; a site which has in situ examples of the differing implements and ceramics involved in perfume production. Notably she places Cyprus into the broader context which is an important aspect when considering the production and use of perfumes that clearly held significance. This is clear from the extensive trade of Cyprian perfumes which gives the island of Cyprus a central role in the trade of perfume and cosmetics. Indeed, the similarities and connections with Egyptian perfumes, in both their production and traditions, demonstrate the areas of contact and influences as well as allowing for a wonderful comparison. Whilst the production and trade perfumes has seen a continuation even to this day with a specific olfactory family. Additionally a significance of the specific ingredients has been made clear, although it is a shame the exact quantities and process of the production of the most ancient Cyprian perfumes is still unknown. (Perhaps this is scope for further research?) Certainly the importance held by certain key ingredients, such as wine, imbues further significance onto the perfumes themselves, not to mention the clear skill and knowledge needed in the choice of ingredients and the production. As such the ingredients are of interest when considering the modern day; even though presently chemicals are often used in the production of perfume, the significance and persistent use of wine, for example, in differing recipes and as a popular drink has been maintained throughout the centuries until the present day. Moreover the connection Maria Rosaria Belgiorno draws upon between scent, perfumes and cosmetics with divine powers, gods and goddesses, such as Aphrodite, brings the focus towards the beliefs and aspects important to contemporary prehistoric society. As well as the powerful connection of the human mind and scent which overall demonstrate the significance perfume held and therefore the importance of research into its production at Pyrgos and across Cyprus. The Perfume of Cyprus: from Pyrgos to François Coty the Route of a Millenary Charm is a fascinating read which will allow the reader to really understand the world of scent both today and in the past.
Amber Roy.

Research undertaken in Durham University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health: Department of Archaeology; supervised by Dr Anna Leone.

Viva voce examination held on April 15th, 2016.
Examiners: Prof. Roland R. R. Smith (University of Oxford), Dr Catherine M. Draycott (Durham University).
Outcome: passed forthwith (no corrections; thesis passed unconditionally).

Οι ελληνοτουρκικές σχέσεις προσδιορίζουν σταθερά την ελληνική εξωτερική πολιτική από τη γένεση του νεοελληνικού κράτους. Το παρόν βιβλίο καλύπτει σημαντικό κενό πολλών ετών στη σχετική επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία. Παρουσιάζει συγκροτημένα όλες τις πτυχές των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων από την επόμενη ημέρα της Μικρασιατικής Καταστροφής το 1922 μέχρι και τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 2010.
Ξεκινώντας από την τύχη των αιχμαλώτων μετά το 1922, το βιβλίο αναλύει τη συνδιάσκεψη και τη συνθήκη της Λωζάννης, την περίοδο της ελληνοτουρκικής προσέγγισης κατά τον μεσοπόλεμο, το Κυπριακό από το 1955 μέχρι και τη διαχείρισή του μετά την απόρριψη του Σχεδίου Ανάν, τη διαμάχη για την υφαλοκρηπίδα του Αιγαίου, την αιγιαλίτιδα ζώνη, τον εναέριο χώρο και το FIR Αθηνών, το νομικό καθεστώς αλλά και την αντιμετώπιση της μουσουλμανικής μειονότητας στη Θράκη και της ελληνικής μειονότητας στην Τουρκία καθώς και του Οικουμενικού Πατριαρχείου. Αναπτύσσονται επίσης τα σημερινά προβλήματα με τα κοιτάσματα φυσικού αερίου της Κύπρου, τους αγωγούς υδρογονανθράκων, την ΑΟΖ και το Καστελόριζο.
Το βιβλίο δεν περιορίζεται σε παράθεση γεγονότων. Αναλύει τα θέματα, θέτει προβληματισμούς και καταθέτει συγκεκριμένες προτάσεις για την πορεία της ελληνικής εξωτερικής πολιτικής έναντι της Τουρκίας.
Εκδόσεις ΠΑΤΑΚΗ
ΣΕΙΡΑ: ΝΕΩΤΕΡΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ
ISBN 978-960-16-5376-1
ΣΧΗΜΑ: 21Χ28 ΣΕΛΙΔΕΣ: 896
ΠΡΩΤΗ ΕΚΔΟΣΗ: ΜΑΡΤΙΟΣ 2015

This paper discusses the extent to which Cyprus' Commonwealth membership has remained relevant following the country's accession to the EU in 2004. It is argued that, despite the predominant role of Cyprus' EU membership, the importance of the Commonwealth for the promotion of the country's political agenda and international cooperation has not diminished. There has been a steady Cypriot participation at high-level Commonwealth meetings post-EU accession. However, the importance of the Commonwealth to the everyday life of Cypriot citizens remains marginal, especially when compared to EU membership. The decision of the UK to exit the Union could precipitate an increased interest on the part of Cyprus in its Commonwealth membership, that could , eventually, even act as a bridge that might help establish a partnership cooperation mechanism between the EU and the Commonwealth.

Posters, at their origin, are a medium for commercial advertising. They belong to the modern world as, right from their first appearance, they were meant to serve the needs of an industrialised economy and were mechanically reproduced in multiple copies. As design artefacts they were designed to fulfill a dual role: to deliver a message and have a direct visual appeal. During the late 1920s and the 1930s and after their widespread use as propaganda tools during the 1st World War, posters became a powerful device for advertising campaigns in Britain and other European countries. This is evidently reflected in two promotional campaigns related to colonial Cyprus where posters were the primary communication channels: the first was a major promotional poster campaign inaugurated by the Empire Marketing Board (EMB) (1926-1933) with the aim to engage the British public in buying empire produce. In this context two posters promoted products of Cyprus. Two years later Cyprus' colonial administration decided to produce a series of posters locally, as part of a tourist publicity campaign, with the aim to attract visitors from abroad to major cities on the island. The present research draws upon posters identified at the Cyprus State Archives in Nicosia. The paper adopts a critical approach to the visual language and physical characteristics of a small number of surviving works. The primary aim is to examine the decision-making process, the commercial artistic practice and the printing technology through which these posters were produced. In addition, a comparison between the works produced by the EMB and those by the British administration in Cyprus allows to discuss how both the metropolitan and the colonial administrations mediated local culture to specific audiences and how it was visually inscribed by foreign and local artists. Until now, the historiography of modern Cyprus has mainly focused on politics; issues related to the social and economic life are less assiduously addressed. This paper argues that the history of design practice and artefacts can significantly contribute to bring to light important aspects of local social history during the colonial period. Posters are products of the socio-political, economic and technological context in which they are generated and result from a nexus of relationships between artistic, commercial and administrative forces. As such, and in combination with the available archival material, the posters produced by the EMB illustrate Cyprus' representation in an advertising campaign where the poster, being a decisive vehicle of British modernism, was employed to serve Britain's political agenda; similarly, the local posters provide evidence of the beginning of commercial art and the state of printing in Cyprus during the interwar period and give direct access to the ways in which the policy and ideas of the colonial administrators shaped the design of a promotional campaign. Both cases exemplify the role of design as an active force with an impact on the image of colonial Cyprus.

The Ptolemaic kings of Egypt struck many series of coins, mainly in Alexandria but also in various mints scattered in foreign possessions, such as Coele Syria and Cyprus. While Ptolemy I seeks to establish himself on the island from 321 BC, the Ptolemaic coin production essentially starts from the definitive annexation of Cyprus to Alexandria in 295/4. The creation of a closed monetary economy, at the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, strongly distinguishes the Ptolemaic coins among other emissions from the Hellenistic East. While almost all of the gold and silver coins from this period conform to the Attic standard (drachm = 4.32 g), the Ptolemies adopt a lighter standard (drachm = 3.25 g) and give their money the monopoly of circulation within the borders of the kingdom. The obligatory exchange of foreign coins at the gates of the country is generally regarded as one of the main sources of wealth for the Ptolemies throughout their reign. This policy of excluding non-Ptolemaic coins also causes the emission of considerable amounts of gold, silver and bronze coins.
In this global context, the Cypriote production represents a rather complex object of study to discuss as a whole. While the identification of monetary series of the 3rd century attributable to Cyprus still provokes debate, the 2nd-century productions, at least for gold and silver, are much better known. At this point, we must add to this chronological dichotomy the difficulties of classifying the Cypriote bronze series, relatively little studied until now.

Οι Πτολεμαίοι βασιλείς της Αιγύπτου εκδίδουν πολλές σειρές νομισμάτων, κυρίως στην Αλεξάνδρεια αλλά και σε διάφορα ακόμη νομισματοκοπεία διασκορπισμένα σε εξωτερικές κτήσεις, όπως στην Κοίλη Συρία και την Κύπρο. Ενώ ο Πτολεμαίος Α΄ προσπαθεί να εγκαθιδρύσει την εξουσία του στο νησί από το 321 π.Χ., η πτολεμαϊκή νομισματική παραγωγή εγκαινιάζεται στην πραγματικότητα με την οριστική προσάρτηση της Κύπρου στην Αλεξάνδρεια, το 295/294 π.Χ. Η δημιουργία μιας κλειστής νομισματικής οικονομίας, στη στροφή από τον 4ο στον 3ο αι. π.Χ., διαχωρίζει σαφώς τα πτολεμαϊκά νομίσματα από άλλες νομισματικές εκδόσεις της ελληνιστικής ανατολής. Ενώ τα χρυσά και αργυρά νομίσματα αυτής της περιόδου εκδίδονται στη συντριπτική πλειονότητά τους σύμφωνα με τον αττικό σταθμητικό κανόνα (δραχμή = 4,32 γρ.), οι Πτολεμαίοι υιοθετούν έναν ελαφρύτερο σταθμητικό κανόνα (δραχμή = 3,25 γρ.), παρέχοντας ταυτόχρονα στα νομίσματά τους το μονοπώλιο της κυκλοφορίας εντός των ορίων του πτολεμαϊκού βασιλείου. Η υποχρεωτική ανταλλαγή των ξένων νομισμάτων με πτολεμαϊκά προ των πυλών του πτολεμαϊκού βασιλείου θεωρείται εν γένει ως μία από τις κύριες πηγές πλούτου των Πτολεμαίων, καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια της κυριαρχίας τους. Αυτή η πολιτική του αποκλεισμού μη πτολεμαϊκών νομισμάτων έχει επίσης ως αποτέλεσμα την έκδοση αξιοσημείωτων ποσοτήτων χρυσών, αργυρών και χάλκινων πτολεμαϊκών νομισμάτων.
Σε αυτό το γενικό πλαίσιο, η κυπριακή νομισματική παραγωγή εμφανίζεται μάλλον περίπλοκη, όταν μελετάται στο σύνολό της. Ενώ η αναγνώριση νομισματικών σειρών του 3ου αι. π.Χ. που θα μπορούσαν να αποδοθούν στην Κύπρο εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί αντικείμενο αντιπαράθεσης μεταξύ των διαφόρων μελετητών, η νομισματική παραγωγή του 2ου αι. π.Χ., τουλάχιστον όσον αφορά τα χρυσά και αργυρά νομίσματα, είναι πολύ καλύτερα γνωστή. Σε αυτό το χρονολογικό διαχωρισμό, οφείλει να προσθέσει κανείς και τις δυσκολίες ταξινόμησης των χάλκινων κυπριακών νομισματικών σειρών, οι οποίες δεν έχουν μελετηθεί επαρκώς μέχρι σήμερα.

Famagusta Maritima: Mariners, Merchants, Pilgrims and Mercenaries
presents a collection of scholarly studies spanning the thousand year history of the port of Famagusta in Cyprus. This historic harbour city was at the heart of the Crusading Lusignan dynasty, a possession of both Genoa and Venice during the Renaissance, a port of the Ottoman Empire for three centuries, and in time, a strategic naval and intelligence node for the British Empire. It is a maritime space made famous by the realities of its extraordinary importance and influence, followed by its calamitous demise.

Contributors are: Michele Bacci, Lucie Bonato, Tomasz Borowski, Mike Carr, Pierre-Vincent Claverie, Dragos Cosmescu, Nicholas Coureas, Marko Kiessel, Antonio Musarra, William Spates, Asu Tozan, Ahmet Usta, and Michael Walsh.

Nea Paphos is generally considered to have been founded by Nikokles, the last king of Paphos. Some scholars have
proposed that Ptolemy may have founded the new city ca. 312 BC or aft er 294 BC. In this paper, the author tries to
analyse and summarise the diff erent proposals and suggests another hypothesis, namely that the foundation was not
the result of a global scheme but instead, of diff erent steps. Nikokles seems to have created the harbour, Ptolemy may
have established a military settlement (katoikia), and then, once becoming king, and aft er taking control of the island
again from 294 BC onwards, may have encouraged the development of the city. Is it possible that the Antigonids played
a role in the development of its harbour when they controlled the island between 306 and 294 BC. Nevertheless, it
is only aft er Paphos becomes the seat of the Ptolemaic strategos in the early second century BC, probably aft er the
Ptolemaic fl eet was withdrawn from the Aegean in 145 BC, that Nea Paphos is protected by a strong city walls with
perhaps another protected harbour in front of the North West gate: the intra muros city seems to have been enlarged
and reshaped as a small version of Alexandria in Cyprus, until its destruction by an earthquake in the last quarter of
the fi rst century BC and its rebuilding under Augustus’ auspices.

In un’Europa che dalla fine della guerra fredda è riuscita a riunificare diverse faglie che la contrapposizione tra i due blocchi avevano creato, ve n’è una che persiste: la linea verde cipriota, che separa fisicamente le due principali comunità, i greco- ed i turco-ciprioti, evitando la prosecuzione armata di un conflitto che ad oggi ancora non trova soluzione. Ma le origini del conflitto sono ben più profonde, e la sua risoluzione non potrà in ogni caso caratterizzarsi per la sua semplicità, bensì per la capacità di trovare una valida sintesi tra le due posizioni, considerabilmente diverse, la quale possa essere recepita e compresa anche dal pubblico, vera base su cui costruire qualunque accordo, anche come dimostrano i fallimenti delle soluzioni “calate dall’alto” che si sono susseguite nel tempo.

I AM PLEASED TO HAVE MADE POSSIBLE THE PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK IN
English, based on my late brother’s book “ΠΙΚΠΟΔΑΦΝΕΣ” [Bitter Leaves of Laurel]: Encounters and experiences from the Struggle to free Cyprus from British Colonial Rule and experiences during the first Cyprus House of Representatives 1954-74. 
It is a book set in Cyprus that left many scars and a bitter legacy to Cypriots. It is a book full of anecdotes, memories, and events, and, most importantly, reflections on those events. In his life journey, Dafnis evolved from patriot/terrorist to internationalist/humanist. His religiousness developed from the confines of orthodox Cyprus to the positive values of Christianity. His patriotism shifted from a narrow, fanatic Greekness to an appreciation of Hellenic culture’s universality. 
Dafnis vividly describes his role in The National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA) and the armed campaign to free Cyprus from British colonial rule, including the hiding in his home of EOKA’s leader, George Grivas.
As a pacifist-Christian in a microcosm of religious warriors, Dafnis stood out as a brilliant exception. His personal renunciation of violence was sealed by a question which a shepherd once asked him: “If Jesus was our Archbishop, would he spill blood for the freedom of Cyprus?” 
In the years that followed Independence, Dafnis became a reluctant Member of Parliament, disillusioned by Makarios’ duplicity and former
EOKA combatant’s corruption, the poisoned relations between Greek Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots, and among Greek-Cypriots themselves. He comments on many peace plans for Cyprus’s political future before and after Independence and laments Cypriots’ rejection. Resigning from Parliament for the U.S. to pursue his studies, he writes “In 1966, I decided to resign from the Cyprus House of Representatives to travel to the United States for the opportunity to attend University since, when at an earlier time I could have attended, I was the ‘guest’ of Queen Elizabeth in Omorphita and Kokkinotrimithia Detention Camps!”
The important message from the book is Dafnis’ life and experience, “Between Violence and Peace.” Revealing how, from the violence and distrust between the two Cyprus communities, it is possible to reach peaceful coexistence and cooperation as Cypriots while maintaining their distinct identities, with lessons for Greece – Turkey relations and beyond.
A film production is underway based on the book and Dafnis’ incredible life.
Renowned Greek cinematographer Costas Ferris agreed to be the production director, with the film release expected in 2022.
Stahis Panagides, PhD Dafnis’ brother
Bethesda, Maryland, USA
July 2021

Cypriot muleteers served in the British army in the Macedonian front during the First World War. Both Cypriot men and island mules were used in the war. Mules were used in the war due to their carrying ability under harsh geographical conditions. The British government utilized the existing economic problems in Cyprus to attract Cypriot support. For some Cypriots joining the war serving in the army was the only way to provide for the livelihood of their family. In fact, Turkish Cypriots participated in the Great War against the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, there were differences in terms of religious creed between Greek Cypriots and the British: the Greek Cypriots were Orthodox while the British people were Protestant. Hence, both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots had some troubles about joining the Great War. Despite these differences, Greek and Turkish Cypriots set aside their national and religious feelings and were united in the same army to serve Great Britain. Another important aspect of the Cypriot Mule Corps lies in the fact that the Turkish Cypriots joined the British army not only against their former Sultan but also against their compatriots who migrated to Anatolia and were subsequently recruited to the Ottoman army. Overall, this article aims to illustrate this complex situation of the Cypriot Mule Corps from the standpoint of Cypriots and to show that people can ignore their national and religious identities when they have to.

World War I had a profound impact on the Middle East and North Africa. With the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, European powers carved the region into mandates, protectorates, colonies, and spheres of influence. Just a few decades later, however, World War II, however, left the colonial powers bankrupt and looking to get out of the empire business as quickly as possible, regardless of the consequences.

In the second half of a two part podcast, guest and co-host Christopher Rose from UT’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies discusses the lingering effects of 20th century European imperialism in the region and the transition to independence.

Layers of ancient history and globalization on this island has sealed its fate through to the present day and a cultural confluence has been occurring for millennia. Exploring the island thematically by looking at its history, the topography of the land, culture, identity, contested realms, and heritage preservation the exhibition will bring to light present day situations that are political in nature, problems that in essence effect the fabric of humanity on the island and the ties of future generations to come.

The exhibition is important in creating awareness about the current political problems of the island. From a humanitarian perspective we can seek to help preserve and protect the duality of the Cypriot heritage, giving an international identity to all the people habiting the island, thus creating opportunities in expansion of the economy, education and infrastructures. In doing so this will ensure that in turn all natural heritage sites, archeological excavations, architecture, and objects of ethnography or artworks are properly cared for and preserved as part of a long history of the island.

*Η Δεύτερη Συμπληρωμένη Έκδοση (Φεβρουάριος 2020) περιέχει πρωτότυπες αρχειακές πηγές που περιγράφουν τον διπλωματικό ρόλο της Ελλάδας κατά τις συνομιλίες που πραγματοποιήθηκαν υπό την αιγίδα του ΟΗΕ στη Ρόδο (1948-1949), οι οποίες ολοκληρώθηκαν με την υπογραφή των Συμφωνιών Κατάπαυσης του Πυρός αφ' ενός μεταξύ του Ισραήλ και της Αιγύπτου και αφ' ετέρου μεταξύ του Ισραήλ και της Ιορδανίας. Περιλαμβάνει επίσης νέα στοιχεία που αφορούν στην Ιστορία της Αρμενικής Κοινότητας της Κύπρου κατά την Μεταβατική Περίοδο (1959-1960) πριν την ανακήρυξη της Κυπριακής Ανεξαρτησίας (16.8.1960). Την Β'  Έκδοση προλογίζει ο Δρ. Νίκος Χριστοδουλίδης, Υπουργός Εξωτερικών της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας*

Σε αυτό το βιβλίο έρχονται στο φως για πρώτη φορά οι υπηρεσιακές εκθέσεις των ισραηλινών διπλωματών, που χειρίζονταν τη στάση της χώρας τους ως προς το Κυπριακό, κατά την περίοδο 1948-1960. Για δεκαετίες οι εκθέσεις αυτές παρέμεναν απόρρητες. Στο επίκεντρο της εξιστόρησης, βρίσκεται η ισραηλινή Realpolitik της δεκαετίας του '50 και εξετάζονται οι παράμετροι που την διαμόρφωσαν ως προς την κυπριακή διένεξη, μέχρι και την ανακήρυξη της ανεξαρτησίας της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας στις 16 Αυγούστου 1960. Η ισραηλινή αφήγηση του Κυπριακού είναι πιθανόν να ξαφνιάσει τον μέσο έλληνα αναγνώστη. Για τους Ισραηλινούς, η διένεξη στην Κύπρο ήταν ακόμα ένα μεσανατολικό πρόβλημα και οποιαδήποτε άλλη πτυχή της είχε δευτερεύουσα σημασία. Για αυτόν τον λόγο, στο βιβλίο αναδεικνύονται άγνωστα μέχρι σήμερα πρόσωπα και γεγονότα, που επηρέασαν καθοριστικά τη στάση του Ισραήλ, ως προς τα τεκταινόμενα στο νησί. Με την ανακάλυψη των κοιτασμάτων φυσικού αερίου στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο, η ίδια η Γεωγραφία έρχεται να μας υπενθυμίσει την μεσανατολική διάσταση του Κυπριακού, καθώς αναφύονται ζητήματα ανάλογα με εκείνα που απασχολούσαν τα κέντρα λήψεως αποφάσεων κατά την μακρινή δεκαετία του 1950. Η τρέχουσα επικαιρότητα δίνει πλείστες αφορμές, ώστε η παρούσα μελέτη να διαβαστεί με μία νέα επικαιροποιημένη ματιά.
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* The Second Edition (February 2020) contains primary archival sources describing the role of Greek diplomacy during the Armistice Talks which took place in Rhodes (1948-1949) under the aegis of the United Nations and ended up with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the State of Israel, the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The book contains additional information about the Armenian Community of Cyprus during the Transitional Period (1959-1960) which concluded with the declaration of Cypriot Independance (16.8.1960). The Second Edition is prefaced by Dr. Nicos Chirstodoulides, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus.*

This book reveals for the first time the Israeli diplomatic correspondence about Israel's foreign policy over the Cyprus conflict during the period 1948-1960. For decades , these reports remained strictly confidential. The historical account focuses mainly on the Israeli Realpolitik of the 50s' and examines the criteria that affected it vis-a-vis thw Cyprus conflict up until the proclamation of the Republic of Cyprus, on August 16, 1960. The Israeli narrative over the Cyprus problem might surprise the average Greek reader. As for the Israelis, the Cyprus issue was one of many Middle Eastern unresovled disputes, while any other aspect of it was of minor importance. Therefore, the book highlights sofar unknown personalities and events, which affected dramatically Israel's stance regarding the events occuring at the Neighboring Isle. With the revelation of the East Mediterranean natural gas reserves, Geography itself is reminding us the middle eastern aspect of the Cyprus conflict, highlighting issues discussed by regional and international policy-makers during the 1950s'. For this reason, today this book is extremely relevant.
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המהדורה השניה (פברואר 2020) כוללת חומר ארכיוני המתאר את עמדתו של משרד החוץ היווני במשך השיחות שהתנהלו ברודוס (1948-1949) תחת החסות של האו"ם שבסופן נחתמו הסכמי הפסקת האש (הסכמי רודוס) בין ישראל, מצרים וירדן (1949) . הספר כולל אינפורמציה על תולדות הקהילה הארמנית בקפריסין בתקופת המעבר (1959-1960) לקראת הכרזת העצמאות של הרפובליקה הקפריסאית ב-16 באוגוסט 1960

בספר זה נחשפת לראשונה ההתכתבות הדיפלומטית הישראלית הקשורה במדיניות מדינת ישראל על הבעייה הקפריסאית, בין השנים 1948 ל-1960. הסקירה ההיסטורית מתמקדת במדיניות החוץ של ישראל בשנות ה-50 ובקריטריונית וסדר עדיפויותיה לגבי הגדרת מדיניותה של ישראל כלפי הסכסוך בקפריסין ועד להכרזת עמצאותה של הרפובליקה הקפריסאית ב-16 באוגוסט 1960. הנרטיב הישראלי של הבעייה הקפריסאית עלול להפתיע את הקורא היווני הממוצע. על פי דעתם של הישראלים, הבעייה הקפריסאית היוותה עוד סיכסוך מזרח-תיכוני בלתי פתיר ולמגמותיו הנוספים היה ערך שולי בלבד. בגלל זה, בספר נתגלים לראשונה דמויות ואירועים לא ידועים עד כה, אשר השפיעו באופן דרמטי על עמדתה של הדיפלומטיה הישראלית לגבי המתרחש באי השכן במשך התקופה הנסקרת. כשנתגלו מאגרי הגז הטבעי במזרח הים התיכון, הגאוגרפיה עצמה באה להזכיר את המגמה המזרח-תיכונית של הסיכסוך הקפריסאי, כשנושאים שהיו רלוונטיים בשנות ה-50 , שוב נמצאים בסדר היום של מקבלי ההחלטות של ימינו - עובדה שהופכת את הספר הזה לאקטואלי

Από τα πολλά βιβλία που έχουν γραφτεί για το Κυπριακό, αυτό
το βιβλίο αποτελεί την πιο συστηματική καταγραφή και κριτική ανάλυση των μακρών διαπραγματεύσεων για επίλυση της κυπριακή διένεξης. Το βιβλίο έρχεται σε μια κρίσιμη για την Κύπρο περρίοδο, κατά την οποία κορυφώνονται οι προσπάθειες για λύση. Τοποθετώντας τη διένεξη στην ιστορική, την ιδεολογική, την εθνοπολιτική και γεωστρατηγική της διάσταση, το βιβλίο προχωρεί πέραν των συμβατικών ρεαλιστικών προσεγγίσεων και φέρνει στο φως τις λιγότερο ορατές διαστάσεις τις οποίες συνήθως αγνοούν πλείστοι αναλυτές όσο και πολιτικοί. Το βιβλίο ενδιαφέρει άμεσα όχι μόνο τους ερευνητές και τους φοιτητές αλλά όλους όσους εμπλέκονται σε πρακτικές επίλυσης κρίσεων.

«Σε μια εξαιρετική παρουσίαση της κυπριακής διένεξης, ο Μιχάλης Σ. Μιχαήλ καταθέτει μια επιστημονικά αρθρωμένη ερευνητική ανάλυση της μακράς ειρηνευτικής διαδικασίας σχετικά με το κυπριακό πρόβλημα. Η Επίλυση της Κυπριακής Διένεξης αποτελεί βιβλίο αναφοράς για πολιτικούς, πολιτικούς αναλυτές και διαμορφωτές πολιτικής, πανεπιστημιακούς, δημοσιογράφους, και φοιτητές που μελετούν το κυπριακό πρόβλημα.»
Dr Boutros Boutros-Ghali, United Nations Secretary-General (1992-1997)

«Τo βιβλίο του Μιχάλη Σ. Μιχαήλ αποτελεί σημαντική πηγή για
όποιον αναζητά μια απροκατάληπτη θέαση των προσπαθειών
για επίλυση του κυπριακού προβλήματος. Με το πλούσιο ιστορικό
υλικό, την επιστημονικά τεκμηριωμένη περιγραφή των πολλών φά-
σεων των ειρηνευτικών διαπραγματεύσεων, όσο και την αποστα-
σιοποιημένη αντικειμενική προσέγγιση, το βιβλίο αποτελεί μια από
τις πιο περιεκτικές αναφορές στο πώς η διεθνής διπλωματία και οι λαθεμένες προσεγγίσεις των άμεσα εμπλεκομένων κράτησαν διαιρεμένη την Κύπρο.»
Gareth Evans, President, International Crisis Group (2000-2009)
and Foreign Minister of Australia (1988-1996)

To understand Cyprus problem and founding out a sustainable solution we need to analyze and understand the role of religion on Cyprus issues in past and today. As it is known both Christian and Muslim cultures left their signs on island and have a strong impact on today's relationships. As a result of this differ¬ent effects in The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, referred to the Orthodox Christianity and Islam as constituent elements.
After division of Christianity, the conflicts between Catholic and Orthodox Churches, Ottomans and Cyprus Orthodox Church be¬came allies. The Ottomans, while trying to reduce Latin's influ¬ence, treated the Orthodox Cypriots with the consideration and gained their good will. In 1821 with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the Greeks of Cyprus attempted to follow in the footsteps of those of Greece; such was the accusation, which Kuchuk Mehmed brought against the bishops and the leading Greek laymen of Cyprus. As a result of this the Archbishop and his archdeacon were hanged, the three Bishops beheaded and the notables dispatched by the Janissaries. This was the break point and beginning of political separation between Ottoman adminis¬tration and Cyprus Orthodox Church. In this article, I have tried to analyze the developments of relationships between Muslims and Christians under lights of history and give a right perspective to the future relationships.

From its first adoption of writing at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, ancient Cyprus was home to distinctive scripts and writing habits, often setting it apart from other areas of the Mediterranean and Near East. This well-illustrated volume is the first to explore the development and importance of Cypriot writing over a period of more than 1,500 years in the second and first millennia BC. Five themed chapters deal with issues ranging from the acquisition of literacy and the adaptation of new writing systems to the visibility of writing and its role in the marking of identities. The agency of Cypriots in shaping the island's literate landscape is given prominence, and an extended consideration of the social context of writing leads to new insights on Cypriot scripts and their users. Cyprus provides a stimulating case to demonstrate the importance of contextualised approaches to the development of writing systems.

Chapter 1 available with open access here: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284465

The Ottoman-Russian War of 1768‒1774 caused many troubles for the Ottoman State: military, economic, social etc. These troubles were experienced throughout the whole territory, but especially on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The island of Cyprus had not been affected in previous Ottoman-Russian wars. The destruction of the main Ottoman navy in Cheshme caused many troubles for the Ottomans leaving most of the Mediterranean islands and all of the coasts open to Russian attack. So, with the war spreading to the Mediterranean, security measures were immediately taken on the island. The war of 1768‒1774 affected Cyprus deeply and Cypriots were burdened with new taxes and tasks during the war.

In the course of 1580, Agostino Valier, a bishop of Verona, conducted an apostolic visitation to Istrian dioceses. The report on the visitation represents an historic source of great importance for the knowledge of late 16th century Istrian history. This paper brings to light information about Pula and its inhabitants  contained in the report on Bishop Valier’s visitation to the Pula Diocese. Descriptions include the very visit and other social, economic and religious circumstance in Pula of the period.

Cyprus was an important medieval emporium, which maintained its commercial importance after the Ottoman conquest. The aims of this study are: to identify the consuls of Venice in Cyprus and their dragomans; to list the items of trade exported by the Venetians and the disagreements experienced between the merchants of Venice or the consuls in Cyprus and the Cyprus administrators in the first part of 17th century; and to investigate what the Venetian presence meant to the daily lives of the Cypriots. In addition, an attempt is made to illustrate Ottoman– Venetian relations from the Ottoman point of view, and to describe the role that the sea captains of Venice played in Ottoman trade between Cyprus and Istanbul in the second half of the 18th century. Finally, the Venetian consulate in Cyprus is compared with the one in Aleppo at the end of 18th century. The evidence used is derived principally from the records of the Nicosia cadi's court and of the Ottoman Prime Ministry archives in Istanbul.

Though very different in style, Strabo's and Ptolemy's descriptions of Western Cyprus have a number of points in common which indicate the use of a common source. A critical reading of both descriptions leads to the conclusion that the currently accepted locations of Arsinoë and Cape Zephyria on the southwest coast of the island need reevaluation: Arsinoe is a duplication of Arsinoë (Polis tou Khrysoukhou) on the north side of the island, while cape Zephyria/Zephyrion is modern day cape Lara.