History of Science

Il De immenso viene composto, in otto libri, nel 1583, in Inghilterra, e poi pubblicato a Francoforte nel 1591. Insieme al De triplici minimo e al De monade esso fa parte di una trilogia dedicata al duca Enrico Giulio di Braunschweig e Lüneburg. Nonostante una ricca bibliografia critica, ampiamente descritta nell’introduzione del volume, mancava fino ad oggi uno studio dedicato interamente al De immenso, nel quale si offrisse una presentazione integrale del contenuto dei singoli libri tenendo sempre presente il contesto intellettuale europeo al quale Bruno risponde e con il quale si confronta. Con questo obiettivo si è tenuto a Barcellona, nell’aprile del 2018, il convegno internazionale «Giordano Bruno, De immenso et innumerabilibus. Letture critiche», dove l’esame degli otto libri dell’opera è stato accompagnato da interventi su aspetti generali del poema. Se ne presentano qui i risultati, nella speranza di offrire agli studiosi una sorta di ‘guida’ alla lettura del De immenso che possa contribuire alla più ampia attenzione, da parte di curiosi e di specialisti, verso questa opera così importante del pensiero bruniano.

For the first time we have published this idea in: Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte – ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 40, 2008, S. 93-126, insbesondere S. 105-106.

At the end of the 1st century a new exotic cult appeared in the Roman Empire - the Mithras cult. The name refers to the Persian sun god Mithras. In Persia, however, there was no cult of the sun god Mithra that resembled the later Roman cult. Merkelbach suspects a creation of the cult from the surroundings of the imperial house. We would associate the idea of the cult with the procession of Tiridate. The new Armenian ruler moved through the Roman Empire with a troop of thousands of Parthian horsemen. In gold-decorated Rome he threw himself at Nero's feet, worshipped him as his god Mithra and received his reign from Nero. Through this propagandacoup a threatening war between Rome and Parthia for the rule in Armenia could be prevented. As a sign of the solidarity between the two peoples, there could have been an agreement that a Persian god should also be worshipped in Rome.
The cult image of the bull-killing Mithras gives puzzles away. This picture cannot be understood from Persian mythology - but from the Roman imperial propaganda: Since Julius Caesar the Roman rulers increasingly connected their power with the sun. Thus the Egyptian solar calendar was introduced by Caesar in Rome, Augustus sacrificed Apollo after his decisive victory in Actium and erected an Egyptian obelisk as a sign of victory and pointer of a sundial in Rome. Nero received Tiridates disguised as sun god and Aurelian introduced in the 3rd century the December 25th as feast day of the invincible sun god in Rome.

In the Mithras relief, the sun-god kills a bull, that is curved to a (thick) crescent moon. The portrait is full of astral allusions. It is often framed by the zodiac and the participating animals partly represent the celestial equator. The zodiac and celestial equator together symbolize the whole cosmos, which is dominated by the sun god. In the calendar the sun replaces the triad sun, moon and stars. In a Babylonian leap rule, which enjoyed wider distribution, the thickness of the crescent moon in the Plejades in the constellation of Taurus in the supposed spring month is used to conclude the necessity of switching on a month. Thus sun, moon and stars (in particular the Pleiades) regulate the calendar and thus the order of the sky. However, this regulation had begun to waver around 500 BC. Due to the precession of the Earth's axis, the validity of the leap rule moved slowly from the spring month towards summer. An adaptation of the leap rule in the spring month would have led to a thicker moon crescent, than indicated in the Babylonian tradition. If one measures the cult images of the Mithras, then quite uniform "thicknesses" of the moon crescents result from the bull body. Converted into the age of the moon they correspond to a lunar thickness, which one would have had to use adapted in this time for the Babylonian leap rule - which however would have been clearly wrong for all experts. Thus the cult picture symbolizes the "falling" switching rule to the initiate and thus the failure of the triad moon, sun and stars. Only the sun alone could be relied upon. Thus the Mithras cult supports the supremacy of the sun over all other gods and thus also the legitimacy of the emperors, who increasingly referred to the sun. Just as the sun orders the cosmos, so does the emperor on earth. The Mithras cult was thus appropriated for the rule of the emperors - the Mithras relief contributed its part to this.

Resumo Este trabalho relata a utilização de um modelo de laboratório problema-tizador que parte de um experimento histórico como problema a ser in-vestigado. A proposta elaborada e executada apresenta-se como uma das possibilidades de inserção da abordagem histórica em sala de aula. A me-todologia de utilização da atividade experimental segundo o referencial construtivista, o material histórico elaborado sob a perspectiva da mo-derna historiografia da ciência e a atitude do professor como mediador na atividade, buscam permitir o desenvolvimento de competências argu-mentativas e a compreensão de conceitos de eletromagnetismo por estu-dantes do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública do estado da Paraíba. Palavras-chave: Laboratório problematizador; Experimento histórico; Eletromagnetismo. + Inquiry-based laboratory and History of Science: a report about an activity using Oersted's experiment

In 1988, three laboratories performed a radiocarbon analysis of the Turin Shroud. The results, which were centralized by the British Museum and published in Nature in 1989, provided ‘conclusive evidence’ of the medieval origin of the artefact. However, the raw data were never released by the institutions. In 2017, in response to a legal request, all raw data kept by the British Museum were made accessible. A statistical analysis of the Nature article and the raw data strongly suggests that homogeneity is lacking in the data and that the procedure should be reconsidered.

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