Hydrogen Production

The principles and recent progress in the research and development of photobiological hydrogen production are reviewed. Cyanobacteria produce hydrogen gas using nitrogenase and/or hydrogenase. Hydrogen production mediated by native hydrogenases in cyanobacteria occurs under in the dark under anaerobic conditions by degradation of intracellular glycogen. In vitro and in vivo coupling of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic system with a clostridial hydrogenase

Retos del hidrógeno verde Energía renovable, hidrógeno verde, pilas de combustible, sostenibilidad Palabras Clave La economía del hidrógeno es un sector en alza que ayudará a reducir el consumo de energía y las emisiones contaminantes, e impulsará el crecimiento económico creando nuevos puestos de trabajo.

Among numerous techniques for the hydrogen production without harmful emissions, especially avoiding the carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen technologies driven by geothermal energy represent an attractive solution. This paper is interested in the process by which the electricity generated from geothermal power plant that is operated using CO 2 as heat transmission fluid is exploited for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. A numerical simulation is used to evaluate the potential for hydrogen production and to estimate the levelized cost of electrolytic hydrogen. We also present a brief analysis of environmental issues, including the carbon tax. The results show that the process has a good potential for geothermal hydrogen production, is capable of producing about 22 kg/h of electrolytic hydrogen for the geothermal source of carbon dioxide mass flow rate of 40 kg/s and a temperature of 296 K. In economic regard, the electric energy system costs are the major component of t...

The conceptual design, modeling, and optimization of a MeOH-to-H 2 processor by an integration of a multi-tube annular membrane methanol reformer (MTAMMR) and the preheating system are presented. The annular membrane methanol reformer (AMMR) is a packed-bed reactor consisting of two concentric cylinders and its surface is covered with the Pd-Cu membranes. When the methanol steam reforming and the preferential oxidation reactions are carried out in the outer and the inner tubes, respectively, the counter-current axial flow in the annular gap can ensure the thermally self-sustaining operation. Under sufficient consideration of the effect of heat integration, three plate-fin heat ex-changers (PFHEs) are taken into account in the preheating system. Through a series of optimization algorithms for maximizing the H 2 permeation rate of each AMMR and minimizing the total energy demand of the preheating system, respectively, the optimal operating conditions and specifications of MeOH-to-H 2 processor are obtained. Finally, it is successfully found that the perfect weight of the optimized MeOH-to-H 2 processor is close to the H 2 tank weight for 2016 Toyota Mirai vehicle if the PFHEs use titanium material.

Nanostructured hybrid materials have the solution to facilitate renewable energy to cover up for anticipated energy gap and related ecological problems. In this work the design of a nano structured ceramic membrane is carried out using ceramic nanoparticles for application in energy security challenges. However the innovation is that a membrane porous network is modified through its immersion in silica based solution. This process helps to pull the gas of interest towards the membrane in this case CO2 and allows the other gases to pass through. However the development of this hybrid ceramic gas separation membrane in this study elaborates on the recovery of hydrogen from fuel reforming unit for use in fuel cell applications. A detailed production and purification of hydrogen in a fuel processor using the advanced ceramic membrane is presented. A gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is produced following fuel on-board reforming. To enhance the efficiency of the fuel cell, a...

Most microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) contain only a single set of electrodes. In order to examine the scalability of a multiple-electrode design, we constructed a 2.5 L MEC containing 8 separate electrode pairs made of graphite fiber brush anodes pre-acclimated for current generation using acetate, and 304 stainless steel mesh cathodes (64 m2/m3). Under continuous flow conditions and a one day hydraulic

This paper gives an overview of the opportunities that exist for the combination of stochastic power generation and hydrogen production, storage and end-use. It is described how hydrogen storage can be applied in both isolated and grid-connected systems, and how the produced hydrogen can be utilized for stationary energy supply and as a fuel for transportation. The paper discusses the benefits and limitations of the different hydrogen storage applications, and emphasizes the need for stochastic studies both for long-term planning and operation planning. A simulation case study of using excess wind power in a weak grid to produce hydrogen for vehicles has been presented. It is shown that the penetration of wind power can be significantly increased by introducing electrolytic hydrogen production as a controllable load

MnMoW-triple oxide catalyst for chlorine-less oxygen generating electrodes from seawater electrolysis were prepared by repeated anodic deposition of their oxides on Ti/IrO2 substrate. The durability of the electrodes were examined by electrolysis in 0.5 M NaCl solution at current density of 1000 Am−2 and compared with their corresponding electrodes that were prepared by continuous anodic deposition. The electrodes repeatedly and continuously deposited for 90 min kept the oxygen evolution efficiency higher than 99% for 2600 h and 120 h of electrolysis, respectively. The improvement in the electrode durability by repeated deposition was attributed to the formation of single phase oxide deposits of MnMoW-oxides with optimized thickness, composition and structural water content, which enables the reduction of the electrode overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction and increase overall stability and adhesion of the oxide deposits to Ti/IrO2 substrate. A mechanism for oxygen evolution at the anode surface during electrolysis was proposed.► MnMoW-oxides developed as new anodes for oxygen evolution during seawater electrolysis. ► Repetition of anodic deposition extended the durability of the anodes. ► The high durability attributed to the formation of a single phase triple oxide.

The objective of this study is to put forward a full analysis of the impact of the difference between the Canadian and American energy realities on the life cycle of fuel cell vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. Electricity is a major type of energy used in the transportation sector. Electricity is needed in the production of feedstock of fuel, the production of the fuel, the production of the vehicle material and the assembly of the vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the impact of the electricity mix difference between Canada and the United States. In the analysis, the life cycle of the fuel consists of obtaining the raw material, extracting the fuel from the raw material, transporting and storing the fuel as well as using the fuel in the vehicle. Four different methods of obtaining hydrogen were analyzed; using coal and nuclear power to produce electricity and extract hydrogen through electrolysis and via steam reforming of natural gas in a natural gas plant and in a hydrogen refueling station. It is found that fuel cell vehicle fuelled by hydrogen has lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions than internal combustion engine vehicle fuelled by conventional gasoline except for hydrogen production using coal as the primary energy source in Canada and the United States. Using the Canadian electricity mix will result in lower carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption than using the American electricity mix. For the present vehicles, using the Canadian electricity mix will save up to 215.18 GJ of energy and 20.87 t of CO2 on a per capita basis and 26.53 GJ of energy and 6.8 t of CO2 on a per vehicle basis. Similarly, for the future vehicles, using the Canadian electricity mix will lower the total carbon dioxide emissions by 21.15 t and the energy consumed is reduced by 218.49 GJ on a per capita basis and 26.53 GJ of energy and 7.22 t of CO2 on a per vehicle basis. The well-to-tank efficiencies are higher with the Canadian electricity mix.

Los catalizadores provocan reacciones químicas o aceleran la velocidad a la que una reacción se acerca al equilibrio. El catalizador proporciona una superficie adecuada para que los reactivos se adsorban y para que los productos se desorban. El papel del catalizador es reducir la energía de activación de una reacción, proporcionando una vía de reacción adecuada y que se aplica a todos los tipos de catálisis, es decir, catálisis homogéneas, heterogéneas y enzimáticas.

As hydrogen use as a fuel gains momentum and becomes a component of many nation's economies, there is a growing need for identification of the skills and knowledge required by workers undertaking hydrogen related activities. This paper considers the activities in the industry and qualifies some of the core competencies required for the emerging workforce. The core competencies are considered specifically from the perspective of working with hydrogen rather than other gases, which in most cases have well developed competency standards, many of which can be applied to the hydrogen industry. The paper focuses on training as it is applicable at a vocational education and training sector level, such as technicians, trade workers and transportation workers, rather than the job roles that require degree or above level qualifications. For many decades, hydrogen has been used extensively in the process industries (e.g. refineries and ammonia synthesis) and experience has shown that it can be handled safely in industrial applications as long as appropriate standards, regulations and best practices are being followed [1]. Relevant training will contribute to the safe handling and use of hydrogen in its new applications. A number of general competency standards for work in hydrogen related activities are presented and these can be used to be integrated into existing vocational education and training frameworks.