Islamic Urbanism

The paper gives a brief overview of the annihilation of Mosul‘s historical architecture, whether deliberately perpetrated by ISIS (Daesh) or caused by terrestrial combats and bombardment during the liberation of the city. The situation of the architectural heritage in the city is monitored, among others, by the Monuments of Mosul in Danger Project since 2014. In addition to the main results of the documentation part of the project, the paper also introduces more conceptual questions regarding the ideological context of the violence on monuments, an ex post analysis of destroyed sites and future outlooks of the local heritage management.

شهرها در مناطق اسلامی_شرقی دارای ویژگی های منحصر به فردی است که آنها را از شهرهای دیگر جدا می کند و بازار به منزله مرکز مهم شهرهای اسلامی شایان توجه است. نفوذ معماری غربی قرن بیستم در ساخت و بافت شهرهای اسلامی بسیار چشمگیر است، لکن بازار شهرهای اسلامی تنها منطقه شهری است که در برابر این هجوم استقامت کرده و دارای شیوه معماری و ساختار مکانی خاص است که در کالبد شهر های اسلامی، نقش بسیار مهمی به عهده دارد. نویسندگان خارجی و داخلی درباره بازار از نظر اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و دینی مطالعه نموده اند؛ اما از نظر ساختار فضایی، توجه کمتری به آن داشته اند. از این رو هدف از این پژوهش بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی های معماری و شهرسازی بازارهای سنتی به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین و زیباترین نمودهای معماری ایرانی_اسلامی می باشد. این تحقیق با استفاده از روش مطالعان میدانی و منابع کتابخانه ای به بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی های بازار سنتی می پردازد. با دقت هرچه بیشتر در بازار در میابیم که این فضای سنتی ایرانی_اسلامی شامل بسیاری از کیفیت های فضایی می باشد که جای خالی آن در معماری و شهرسازی معاصر ما مشهود است.

واژه‌هاي كليدي: بازار سنتی، شهر اسلامی_ایرانی، ساختار کالبدی
"

تختلف الالية التي كانت تحكم العمران في بيئة
المدن فيما مضى عن مثيالتها في الوقت
الحاضر، إذ كانت شؤون العمران والبناء تدار
في البيئة التقليدية من خالل منظومة من
التشريعات التي كانت تسيّر شؤون الحياة كافة بتوازن
وتكامل، فولدت بيئة متجانسة ذات خصوصية عالية،
تعبر
عن ح
اجات ساكنيها ومتطلباتهم وتطلعاتهم وثقافتهم، وتنمو
متفاعلة مع قيمهم وتقاليدهم واعرافهم. وفي البيئة
المعاصرة.. تغيرت المنظومة التشريعية التي تسير وتحكم
شؤون العمران الحضري تغيرات جذرية، شملت االصول
والفروع، حيث ان اغلبها استوحيَ او استورد من بيئات مغايرة
ال
تتف ثوابتها او متغيراتها مع مثيالتها في البيئة المحلية للمدن
االسالمية،
مما احدث تناقضات ومظاهر سلبية بمستويات
متعددة، يعاني منها سكان المدن المعاصرة باستمرار. وكانت
هذه مشكلة البحث االساس. وهدفت
هذه الدراسة اعطاء صورة
لواقع مدينة بغداد في ظل تشريعاتها
العمرانية في تسعينات
القرن الماضي، واستشهد البحث بمظاهر حية من واقع تلك
المدينة، موثقة بعض مظاهرها ومستجوبة شرائح من
سكانها؛ لتعرف رأيهم حول ما يعانونه من مشاكل
ومسبباتها. وذلك الجراء موازنة عامة بين اهم سمات ومالمح
البيئتين التقليدية والمعاصرة، في ظل تشري
عاتهما. واظهرت
هذه الدراسة اهم المشاكل الحضرية التي تسببها تلكم
التشريعات العمرانية (المعاصرة)،
واظهرت ايضا وجود تأييد
كبير في منطقة الدراسة لوجهة نظر التشريعات الفقهية في المسائل العمرانية، في مقابل منظور
التشريعات العمرانيةالمعاصرة.

Madīnat az-Zahrāʾ served as the capital of the Umayyad caliphate between 940 and 1016 CE. The site has been the subject of archaeological excavations for more than a century. The aim of a new project conducted by the Junta de Andalucía and the German Archaeological Institute is the investigation of the ›Plaza de Armas‹, located to the east of the main palace area. The present paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the development of the site. Four phases are identified and analyzed regarding the overall design of the site and its function. During Phase I, a vast garden palace was constructed as a private residence of the caliph (940 CE). During Phase II, a mosque, administrative buildings and workshops were added outside the palace walls and the site thus turned into a capital city (944–948 CE). During Phase III, these new structures were incorporated into an overarching scheme, which now also incorporated large stables and houses for soldiers (950–957 CE). Finally, during Phase IV structures for controlling access to the palace were enhanced (ca. 980 CE).

El presente libro contiene una revisión y puesta al día del conocimiento sobre el patrimonio arqueológico, arquitectónico y urbanístico islámicos en una comarca de la frontera occidental del Reino de Granada, la actual Sierra de Cádiz. En él se recoge un trabajo de prospección y de investigación bibliográfica y documental que supone un primer paso de síntesis y actualización de todo este patrimonio. Ha recibido ex aequo el XIV Premio de Investigación Histórica "Castillo de Matrera" (2009) del Ayuntamiento de Villamartín (Cádiz). Está prologado por el Dr. José Miguel Puerta Vílchez (Universidad de Granada).

In this article we will try to reconstitute, as far as possible, the city’s road system in the medieval period, attempting to
describe its various levels: the primary level where connections were made between the city center and the city gates,
outlining the main axes of city traffic; the secondary level and its connections between the primary routes and the
various sectors of the city; the tertiary level where occurred the access to buildings. Although it is not feasible to fully
reconstruct all the complexity of the Lisbon medieval road system, it is possible to understand the global evolution of
this system throughout the medieval period through the comparison between the data from archaeological excavations
and the elements of the documentary archive. In this sense, it is also relevant to observe how the existing road system
in late antiquity has partially subsisted in the road system of the medieval period. We will also observe how some parts
of the city were redesigned at some crucial moments in the city’s history and how these changes in urban morphology
influenced the road system of this period.

Neste artigo tentaremos reconstituir, na medida possível, o sistema viário da cidade no período medieval, descrevendo
os vários níveis que o compunham: o nível primário onde se efectuavam as ligações entre as portas da cerca urbana
e o centro da cidade, delineando os principais eixos distribuidores da circulação da cidade; o nível secundário onde
se realizavam as ligações entre as vias primárias e os vários sectores da cidade; o nível terciário onde ocorriam os
acessos aos edifícios. Apesar de não ser viável reconstituir de forma integral toda a complexidade do sistema viário
da Lisboa medieval, é possível compreender a evolução global deste sistema ao longo deste período medieval através
da confrontação entre os dados provenientes de escavações arqueológicas e os elementos possibilitados pelo arquivo
documental. Neste sentido, é também relevante observar o modo como o sistema viário existente na antiguidade tardia
terá subsistido, de forma parcial, no sistema viário do período aqui estudado. Observaremos também como algumas
partes da cidade foram redesenhadas em alguns momentos cruciais

Known for the rebellion of its inhabitants against the emir to al-Ḥakam I in the year 818 AD, the suburb of Šaqunda constitutes the first Islamic suburb of Cordoba as the Umayyad capital of al Andalus. Located on the left bank of the Gudalquivir river, in front of the Mosque and the Alcazar, it was discovered in 2001 during the remodeling of the Miraflores area. Its excavation in extension (22,000 m2), a precise chronology framed between the years 750 d. C and 818 AD and its maginifica archaeological conservation, has supposed the recovery of abundant objects of material culture (ceramics, coins, fauna, etc.) and a wide urban plot. His study is providing exceptional information on the way of life of its inhabitants, characterizing the process of Islamization and arabaization of the city.

This article explores a corpus of literary works in verse and prose that deal with the city of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid dynasty in seventeenth-century Iran. Following a brief overview of the formats and conceptions of city description in medieval Persian literature, the essay examines seventeenth-century topographical works as verbal expressions of emergent modes of urban experience in early modern Isfahan. Seen together, these works bespeak the formation of a novel arena of literary production—a social terrain nourished by the city and largely independent of courtly circles. The corpus reveals the ways in which seventeenth-century Isfahan became intertwined with the emergence of new expressions of subjectivity and new modes of fashioning the self. Markets, gardens, urban spaces, and coffeehouses were represented in various narratives integrating subjective experiences into the urban landscape.

Según las fuentes historiográficas andalusíes, el entorno de la Córdoba omeya estaba poblado por multitud de almunias, grandes residencias aristocráticas, en las que se aunaban los usos productivos con los de recreo. No obstante, desde el punto de vista arqueológico, aún tenemos una imagen muy poco definida de su materialidad. En este trabajo realizamos una síntesis de la información arqueológica disponible, tratando de establecer pautas comunes. Además,
sistematizada la información, planteamos una serie de nuevas vías de trabajo para entender cómo se insertan y qué papel juegan estas explotaciones en el paisaje del entorno de la ciudad.

According to historical sources Andalus, the Umayyad Cordoba environment was populated by many munān, large aristocratic residences, combining productive and leisure uses. On the other hand, from the archaeological point of view, we
still have a very poorly defined image of their material aspect. In this paper we attempt to synthetize the available archaeological information, trying to establish common guidelines. In addition, once systematized that information, we propose new research lines to understand the role of these munān in the surrounding landscape of the city.

This paper investigates the pre-modern urban development of Medina during the Ottoman reign within the framework of the Ottoman administration of the Arab provinces. Specifically, the spatial organization of Medina is investigated based on multiple visual, cadastral and historical sources. Although Medina was remote from the center of political power, it maintained an articulated significance for the Ottoman state structure, as much as the major provincial cities. This is evident in the continuous Ottoman role in staging its own image in Medina by introducing typical Ottoman hallmarks of urbanization. However, the spiritual significance of Medina, in turn, molded the applied methods of spatial organization, which had to be attuned to the religious sanctions and sensitive loci of worship. By the end of the Ottoman presence in Arabia, the resulting urban character and texture of the city reflected a fusion of spatial innovations with deep-rooted tradition, which shaped a lasting historical image of Medina.

Within the context of excavation and restoration works carried out on the Amman Citadel since 1995 till 2001, this paper presents and analyses the most relevant structures discovered as a result of the research conducted by the author, namely the congregational mosque and the souq square. These structures, along with the Monumental Gateway (or audience hall) of the palace, define the centre of the Umayyad palatine madina at Amman Citadel.
This paper was presented at the First Symposium of Islamic Archaeology, organized within the 2nd International Conference on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (2nd ICAANE), which took place in Copenhagen in 2000.
Regrettably it has taken 16 years to be published, and it appears as it was submitted in 2000, without any amendment or updating, as it would have been the will of the author, because the contributors were not informed of this late (and almost unexpected) publication.
However the information presented, although incomplete, remains relevant to understand the discovery of the structures and their significance.
Open access to the complete volume with all the contributions of the First Symposium of Islamic Archaeology at 2 ICAANE is offered in the following link: http://www.orientlab.net/pubs/pdf/2ICAANE-Vol_II.pdf

"Edition, translation and study of two affidavits included in an Arabic document from the eighteenth century dated in Tétouan (Morocco). The first deed is a partition and dissolution of undivided two houses. The second deed is a contract of sale of a house with procedures of collation and homologation. It is an interesting document, rich and complex. In his content, they are involved and mentioned  26 individuals (with a varied anthroponomy), two families, four houses in transaction more the reference to other houses of neighbours, several streets and districts, two cities (Tétouan and Fès, with details of urban toponymy) as well as diverse types of currencies and measures of weight.

KEYWORDS: Islamic law, Arabic documents; affidavits; contract of sale; dissolution of undivided property; heritage; houses; currency; Morocco; Tétouan, Fès.

RESUMEN: Edición, traducción y estudio de dos actas notariales árabes incluidas en un documento magrebí del siglo XVIII fechado en Tetuán. La primera acta es una partición y disolución de proindiviso de dos casas. La segunda es una compraventa de una casa con diligencias de cotejo y homologación. Se trata de un interesante documento, muy rico y complejo, en el que intervienen y se mencionan 26 individuos (con una variada antroponimia), dos familias, cuatro casas en transacción más la referencia a otras casas de vecinos, varias calles y barrios, dos ciudades (Tetuán y Fez, con detalles de toponimia urbana) así como diversos tipos de monedas y medidas de peso.

PALABRAS CLAVE: derecho islámico; documentos árabes; actas notariales; compraventa; disolución proindiviso; herencia; casas; moneda; Marruecos; Tetuán; Fez.
"

The concept of Public square in Iran, has been changed fundamentally during recent centuries. This research investigated how modernity is manifested in the public squares of Tehran. In this regard, Tehran has been chosen as the main concern, while in its short history of being as the capital of Iran, the city has been hosting several critical transformations; first because of constant urban developing during Qajar Dynasty and rapid growth of city during the late Pahavi era. The second reason is the dominant culture of rapid renovation and reconstruction in contemporary public spaces. Considering these facts, studying the urban transformation of Baharestan Square, as one of the most influencing public squares of Tehran during the recent century can lead us to understand the process of Iranian Modernization which is totally different from common pattern of western Modernity. Analyzing the historical changes of Baharestan square based on manuscripts, western travelers’ diaries, historical images and maps, from its formation time till Islamic Revolution (1978) shows how the traditional elements of the square as well as its form and function has been totally transformed. Analyzing spatial qualities of Baharestan Square, clarifies that its special location near the first Iranian Parliament building, Sepahsalar Mosque and Negarestan Garden represent it as the first modern focal point in Iranian’s Political and social life.

Archaeological excavations, survey and aerial photography at Ancient Merv have revealed new information on the structure and form of the city of Sultan Kala. This city developed alongside the old city of Gyaur Kala in the 8th century CE. Research suggests practical, political and religious factors combined to influence the decision to move from the old city, and helped to shape the form of the new urban space.

Se analizan los planos anteriores a 1910, en los que se basó Luis Seco de Lucena Escalada (1857-1941), para dibujar su plano hipotético de la Granada nazarí a fines del siglo XV. También se estudian las principales propuestas  gráficas realizadas sobre el mismo tema hasta el inicio del siglo XXI, lo que permite hacer una valoración crítica de la aportación del "Plano de Granada Árabe" publicado por Seco de Lucena en el año 1910.

FRANCO SÁNCHEZ, Francisco. “La ciutat d'Elx en el segle XIII: imatges castellanes i descripcions àrabs”. La Rella. Núm. 10 (1994). ISSN 0212-6443, pp. 95-115 | Estudio de dos páginas iluminadas con miniaturas de las "Cantigas" de Alfonso X el Sabio, en las que se representa la ciudad de Elche e importancia que tienen para el conocimiento del urbanismo musulmán de la ciudad en el s., XIII, así como del siguiente urbanismo cristiano. Imagen de la puerta de la ciudad y presentación de los datos acerca de una gran inundación del río Vinalopó que la destruyó en el s. XIII | Study of two illuminated pages with miniatures of the 'Cantigas 'of Alfonso X the Wise, in which is represented the city of Elche and his importance for the knowledge of Muslim city urbanism  in the 13 c., and the following Christian urbanism. Image of the city gate and presentation of data about a large flood of the Vinalopó river that destroyed it in 13 c. |
Download: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/29055

The upgrading of Başakşehir from a quarter to a district is related to the
transformation of İstanbul Başakşehir Football Club from a football club into a politico-cultural project carried out capitalist cronies attached to the governing (Justice and Development Party). ‘Rent-seeking’ activities in cultural areas are usually neglected or, if anything, considered the indirect results of developments in the financial or economic field. Sports in general and football in particular are the best examples of this omission. This article is directed towards filling this gap by taking Başakşehirspor as a venue to explore how ‘rent-seeking relations’ expand and gain a foothold in culturallyoriented economic fields in order to bolster their already established control over networks of cronies in the political and economic system. In the literature, a common characteristic of crony capitalism, network formation, has not received sufficient attention. The available research, focusing on whether crony capitalism merely replaces corruption, clientelism, or both, overlooks certain kinds of methodological approaches that could be fruitful, such as network analysis. An analysis of how this network revolves around Başakşehir and of its transformation under AKP governance will provide a basis to show how Başakşehirspor replicates the same practices of network formation.

16 th – 19 th century Port cities correspond well to the French expression " Villes-Ports " and are something difficult to translate; port city is closer to " ville portuaire ". The " Villes-Ports " phenomenon is a particular link between the city and the port. Obviously, a Port-city is a settlement, the main characteristic of which is to be simultaneously a port infrastructure and an urban one. This observation is important because it serves to focus this work on the status of both cities and ports on the African shores of the Red Sea and the Aden Gulf, between Port-Soudan and Berbera. Moreover, this work is an effort to conceive a theoretical pattern of this concept with its contradictions and similarities. Thus, stemmed from a PhD thesis in modern history and archaeology of the coastal cities on the African shores of the South of the Red Sea and the western part of the Aden gulf, this study examines four cases which are Suakin, Massawa', Tadjoura and Zeyla, all along the coast stretched between Port Soudan and Berbera. The structural aspects of these sites will be the main point of this thesis, mostly around the question of the origin and the diffusion of the urban and architectural pattern developed on the African shores. From here, we hope to develop hypothesis on the concept of African and Islamic legacy. Some elements lead to the possibility that it was " Arabian/Islamic " influences on the urban and architectural structuration on the coast. This paper will seek to assert the veracity of such assertion.

New Islamist Architecture and Urbanism claims that, in today’s world, a research agenda concerning the relation between Islam and space has to consider the role of Islamism rather than Islam in shaping – and in return being shaped by – the built environment. The book tackles this task through an analysis of the ongoing transformation of Turkey under the rule of pro-Islamic Justice and Development Party. In this regard, it is a topical book: a rare description of a political regime’s reshaping of urban and architectural forms whilst the process is alive.

Defining Turkey’s transformation in the past two decades as a process of “new Islamist” nation-(re)building, the book investigates the role of built environment in the making of an Islamist milieu. Drawing on political economy and cultural studies, it explores the prevailing primacy of nation and nationalism for new Islamism and the spatial negotiations between nation and Islam. It discusses the role of architecture in the deployment of history in the rewriting of nationhood and that of space in the expansion of Islamist social networks and cultural practices. Looking at examples of housing compounds, mosques, public spaces, and the new presidential residence, New Islamist Architecture and Urbanism scrutinizes the spatial making of new Islamism in Turkey through comparisons with relevant cases across the globe: urban renewal projects in Beirut and Amman, nativization of Soviet modernism in Baku and Astana, the presidential palaces of Ashgabat and Putrajaya, and the neo-Ottoman mosques built in diverse locations as Tokyo and Washington DC.