Military History

When king Ladislaus III took the Hungarian throne, Poland inherited the problem of the Turkish expansion in the Balkans. The young king was eager to undertake a new crusade against the Turks. Did it stand a chance? Was it still possible to dislodge the Turks from the Balkans, and drive them back to Asia Minor? Was it at least possible to check the expansion and development of the Ottoman state in the Balkans? The answer to these questions is not easy. Certainly, on the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Ottoman state was not yet an established power. It was an empire in making. Although the Turks had already become a permanent ethnic element in the Balkans, their political and military expansion could be stopped. Looking at the problem from the military point of view, it must be noted that the Turks could be defeated.

For Puerto Ricans, World War I provided the opportunity to test and challenge the linkages between military service, manhood, citizenship and decolonization.  During the war Puerto Rican political leaders, elected officials, and opinion makers sought to advance the socio-economic and political standing of their communities by demanding access to, and encouraging participation in the U.S. military.  In particular, Puerto Rican elites were interested in mobilizing the Puerto Rican peasantry thinking that training would transform them into modern men worthy of self-determination in the eyes of the metropolis.

is is the first study to show how the Royal Navy’s ideas about the meaning and application of seapower shaped its policies in the interwar period. Drawing on a wide range of unpublished sources, the author challenges the accepted view that the intellectual shortcomings of Britain’s naval leaders resulted in poor strategic planning and an inability to meet the challenges of the Second World War.

This book provides the first comprehensive survey of the navy’s strategies for dealing with possible wars with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan, and even the United States. It argues that the “Singapore Strategy” has been widely misunderstood, that there was in fact more than one strategy developed for war with Japan, that the navy’s war plans placed greater emphasis on maritime economic pressure than decisive sea battles, and that the influence of Alfred Thayer Mahan on the interwar navy has been greatly exaggerated.

The author also reveals how the “One Power Standard” did not fundamentally affect the outcome of the navy’s ongoing struggle with the Treasury for funds, how the service’s interest in “showing the flag” abroad was linked to its concerns over the health of the naval armaments industry at home, and how the navy reluctantly employed propaganda between the wars to revive its popularity with the British public.

The book argues that naval leaders possessed a more sophisticated and flexible understanding of the strengths and limitations of sea power than previous studies have recognized, and that Britain’s strategic position during the 1930s would have been stronger if their advice had been followed. The author concludes that the navy’s efforts to shape British grand strategy were largely unsuccessful, however, because civilian decision-makers often had different views about the role of sea power in the modern world.

The purpose of this report is to recognize and highlight the contributions of African Americans to the military history of the United States. This is accomplished by providing a historic context on the African American military experience for use by Department of Defense (DoD) cultural resource managers. Managers can use this historic context, to recognize significant sites, buildings, and objects on DoD property related to African American military history by nominating them for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. In this manner, civilian and military personnel currently serving in all major services will be made aware of the contributions of African Americans to our military heritage. While the focus of this work is on all-black military units, significant individuals will be recognized also.

This essay is a brief summary of the facts both from and preceding the Norman conquest of Scotland which ultimately led up to the First War of Scottish Independence in the early 14th century.
The essay is in Catalan.

Este artículo es un breve resumen de los hechos tanto de la conquista normanda de Escocia como los que la precedieron, que acabaron desembocando en la Primera Guerra de Independencia Escocesa durante la primera mitad del siglo XIV.
El texto está en Catalán.

Though Odysseus’ tales to Eumaios and Aninoos in Odyssey 14.199–359 and 17.417–44, respectively, are presented as fictional tales within Homer’s larger myth, some elements have striking analogs in Late Bronze–Early Iron Age reality.

This article examines these portions of the hero’s false ainoi within their fictive context for the purpose of identifying and evaluating those elements. Particular focus is given to Odysseus’ declaration that he led nine successful maritime raids prior to the Trojan War; to his twice–described ill–fated assault on Egypt; and to his claim not only to have been spared in the wake of that Egyptian raid, but to have spent a subsequent seven years in the land of the pharaohs, during which he gathered great wealth.

Through a comparative examination of literary and archaeological evidence from the Late Bronze–Early Iron transition in the Eastern Mediterranean, it is shown that these aspects of Odysseus’ stories are not only reflective of the historical reality surrounding the time in which the epic is set, but that Odysseus’ fictive experience is remarkably similar to that of one specific member of the ‘Sea Peoples’ groups best known from 19th and 20th dynasty Egyptian records: the ‘Sherden of the Sea.’

my theme is the question is there a US death squad?  I write about CIA assassination of honestly elected foreign leaders and of course the North American mafia make war against other families over territory.  I limit my list to only those cases with hard evidence or someone was scheduled to testify in court , at a grand jury, or at a Congressional investigative committee.

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

In 18th century, The Ozbek Tekkes of Istanbul  was established for the Uzbeks who come to Istanbul before going to the pilgrimage. The tekke is connected with the Naqshbandi religious order, tarikat. The tekke which has strong ties with the state had become a school in nineteenth century.  The tekke has contributed  to the war of independence but it was closed after the proclamation of the Republic. In this period, it has transformed into a center for artists, especially for classic turkish musicians.

Many books, articles and programmes have been produced about the Battle of Waterloo. Recent authors and researchers have started to take a wider perspective of this iconic struggle, which virtually ended the prolonged war against Republican and Imperial France. Whilst not the most sanguinary conflict of these wars, there were thousands of dead and damaged men left on the battlefields, between the 15th and 18th June 1815. The medical services provided at and after the battle, left a good deal to be desired and some lessons learnt in the Peninsular campaigns had been forgotten. 

As Britain and Europe approach the bicentenary of this great event and as we continue to lose men in conflict, it is appropriate to remember their sacrifice and the medical men who helped them, albeit in their limited capacity. 

Medical perspectives of the battles from the 16th to the 18th June 1815, anecdotal casualties, explanations of medical ranking, with a comprehensive list of medical men, who served at the battle and their career paths, add an unusual dimension to the story of the Battle of Waterloo.

From 26 September to 11 November 1918, American Expeditionary Force (AEF) launched an attack in the Meuse-Argonne against the Germans. This paper intends to answer the largely unanswered question of how necessary were the losses that made the battle the bloodiest in U.S. military history. To address the topic, the U.S. Army’s training, or lack thereof, is analyzed. Each of the offensive’s six phases is assessed in detail, too. Although there is slightly more detail on the American side, the Germans’ role in the battle is discussed, with primary documents from the U.S. National Archives cited. Throughout the battle the First Army, through trial and error, improved its tactics, even though this effort was impeded by green replacements that increasingly brought units closer to authorized strength. In the end, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive was instrumental in ending the war on 11 November 1918.

The Cossacks earned an impressive reputation during the Napoleonic Wars. They were loathed for their "barbarism" and feared as fierce warriors. This book enlightens the reader about the fascinating history of these troops, the uniforms, armament and the Cossacks hosts. The second book called (2007) The Brazen Cross: Russian Opolchenie, Partizans and Freikorps during the Napoleonic Wars, completes the story on the Irregular forces of Russia.

Dr Alexander Mikerberidze said in his review on the Napoleon Series
"The book is lavishly illustrated - all 80 pages are printed on a gloss paper and the book contains 27 B&W illustrations and 11 color plates by Patrice Courcelle! [of Cossack Uniforms]"
"… Among the strongest features of the book are the numerous tables covering almost every aspect of the Cossack organization and armament."
"… It reads very easily and author's special drop-out boxes with quotes from various memoirs and little known facts only enhance the experience. …. This book is recommended to anyone interested in the Napoleonic Wars and especially to wargamers, who would certainly welcome its concise and informative style."

The Introduction describes swiftly the history of Cossacks and their initial conflict with the expanding Russian state. A small section reconciles the Cossack table of ranks of Cossack Khorunzhii, Uriadnik or Esaul with those of the regular army.

The Cossack military organization, tactics and involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. The 'Armament and Uniforms' section also discusses the much overlooked Cossack horse.

The 'Cossack Hosts' chapter deals with seven major Cossack hosts that existed [Black Sea Cossacks, Bug Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Ukrainian Cossacks Ural Cossacks]. Each host is dealt in 2-3 paragraphs and the Don Host is covered in far more detail. In addition the minor Cossack hosts of the Danube Mouth, Ekaterinoslavl, Terek and Volga are discussed. The 'Regular Cossacks' provides information on establishment and military service of Leib Garde Cossack, Black Sea Leib-Garde Sotnia, Chuguev Cossack and Teptiar Cossacks. The 'Other Irregular Cavalry' details the overlooked Kalmyks, Bashkyrs, and Mesheriaks.

A detailed chronology which covers the Cossack history between late 14th century and 1917. Appendices 'A' and 'C' contain Cossack and general Russian military terms and explanation. Appendix 'B' serves as a reference list for various hosts and nations while Appendix 'D' deals with the uniform and armament terms.


Available from
Caliver Books in UK
www.caliverbooks.com

Le document présenté ici constitue le mémoire que j'ai rendu en 2015 pour l'obtention du grade de Master, sous la direction de M. Paul Bertrand, à l'Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve. Il contient des coquilles, quelques imprécisions, et mérite d'être corrigé par bien des aspects. Il est autrement accessible, en format papier, via la réserve patrimoniale de la Bibliothèque des arts et des lettres de l'Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve.

| Résumé. Le capitaine gascon La Hire est un personnage populaire de la tradition johannique : il apparaît dans tous les romans, pièces de théâtre, films ou jeux vidéo qui concernent la Pucelle d’Orléans. Néanmoins, au niveau de l’historiographie scientifique, il demeure partiellement dans l’ombre. Quelques études biographiques ont été conduites à son propos, mais leur faible rayonnement et leur caractère vétuste justifie que l’on se penche de nouveau sur lui.

Fort d’une carrière de plus de vingt ans (1419-1443), La Hire a été de tous les fronts de son époque. Il n’a manqué presque aucune grande bataille. Ceci explique que son nom se soit retrouvé dans une grande quantité de chroniques rédigées par ses contemporains, et dans autant plus de documents d’archives aujourd’hui disséminés à travers toute la France et ailleurs.

Toutefois, l’époque durant laquelle Étienne de Vignolles a pratiqué son métier de capitaine d’armée est l’une des plus chaotiques de l’histoire de France, alors rongée par la guerre civile. La monarchie est incapable de payer ses troupes sur base d’une solde régulière, dès lors, celles-ci sont livrées à elles-mêmes et vivent d’expédients. Dans ces circonstances, et déjà de son vivant, La Hire a souvent été assimilé à un bandit de grand chemin, aussi redoutable envers ses ennemis que pour ses propres alliés. Cependant, pour avoir grandement contribué à l’effort de guerre contre les Anglais, la mémoire aime aussi le présenter comme un héros national.

Notre étude, à l’appui des concepts de Max Weber, va démontrer que La Hire était en vérité une figure de transition, dans une société en pleine mutation, d’où la complexité de son personnage. Néanmoins, il apparaît clairement qu’il ait davantage contribué au maintient de l’ordre social, qu’au déraillement anarchique de la société.

This paper is on the Bismarck Plan.  The premise of this plan was to unify all the German principalities under Prussian rule.  Once that was accomplished Bismarck adjusted his plan using treaties and alliances with other countries in Europe to keep war away from Germany for as long as possible or at least until Germany was ready militarily or diplomatically to defend herself. 
    In order to better understand where the idea of Bismarck’s Plan came from, the origin of the ideas of nationalism and unification must first be discussed.  No discussion on German unification would be complete without some background on Bismarck, not so much a biography of him, but more to give an idea of his thought process.  The three wars of unification and their impact upon Europe along with each particular alliance and treaty that was made between Germany and the other European powers is central to Bismarck’s plan.  Some of these alliances and treaties directly involved Germany and some indirectly involved Germany.  Each will be analyzed to see how they interrelate, and Bismarck’s role.  Bismarck’s plan fell apart quickly after he left office. 
    From all of this it will be clear that Bismarck did indeed have a plan or a purpose if you will.  The plan was not written down nor was it stated by Bismarck, if anything it was kept in his head.  The purpose and the results of the plan are very clear in how fast Germany rose to prominence in Europe without really any threat of a major war.  The Prussians were able to fight three minor wars without involving the entire continent.  This is a testament to Bismarck and the goals that he set for Prussia and then Germany.

How a private English Company conquered India and Chastised Afghanistan and Nepal. The Role of the Bengal Army in the British Conquest of India The British employed the Bengal Army in various campaigns starting from the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The major campaigns were as follows 20a:- a) Plassey 1757. b) Campaign against the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam from 1758-1761. c) Campaign against Mir Qasim from 1763-1764. d) Campaign against Nawab of Oudh 1764-1765. e) The First Mahratta War 1778-1782. f) The Rohilla War 1774. g) The Second Mysore War 1782, Third & Fourth Mysore Wars. h) The Second Mahratta War 1803-1805. i) The Anglo Nepalese War 1814-1816. j) The First Burma War 1824-1826 k) The First Afghan War 1839-1842. l) The Conquest of Sindh 1843. m) The First Sikh War 1845-1846. n) The Second Sikh War 1848–1849 o) The Second Burma War 1852 p) Various expeditions against the Trans Indus Frontier Tribes 1849-57. In addition the Bengal Army also went on following overseas expeditions21:- a) Expedition to Malaca (Malaysia) 1791 b) First Egyptian Expedition 1801 c) Expedition to Macao 1808 d) Capture of Mauritins 1810 e) Expedition to Java 1811-13 Thus the Bengal Army bore the brunt of the British wars in India from 1757 to 1857 and proved their mettle against a wide variety of races ranging from the Afghan, Sikh, Gurkha, Mahratta to the Sindhi Baluchi and Frontier tribesmen. The rationale behind listing all these campaigns is to illustrate that the post-1857 British theory that the Bengal Sepoy of the pre-1857 army were no good has no basis. The Oudh sepoy fought well without a cause whether it was Kabul or Nepal or Punjab or in the Kohat hills. Statistically more Bengal Sepoys were in British service till 1857 than Bombay or Madras Sepoys, yet after 1857 it became fashionable to brand them as poor soldiers and non-martial. Philip Mason described this state of the mind in the following words:- 'From now on, it was even more common for officers to divide the people of India sharply into two classes, good and bad, and in the good classes fell the people of the north who had come to their help during the mutiny. What had first been a tendency hardened into a doctrine. These were the martial classes, and only they would make a soldier 22.' The illogical myths in Pakistan that Hindus are less martial or east of Jamna races are less martial are similarly baseless. But for this we do not have to go as far as 1849 since we have the example of the 1965 war!

The King's Two Bodies- Reflexion on the Symbolic of Power

Among the so-called Mari Prophetic Letters, one interesting text (ARM X 10) reports a cheerful vision of the king's return. The king, as usual, is acclaimed by the soldiers, in a formal exhibition of loyalty. Incidebtly, the scene occurs on two larges boats blocking the river course. The narrative also mentions several insigna embedded within the military acclamations. Since the symbolic character of the omen is highly significant, I discuss the account through interpretative ethnography.

SHORNCLIFFE LECTURES BOOK 5
Book 5 of the Shorncliffe Lectures series explores the development of the Baker Rifle and the Experimental Corps of Riflemen of Colonel Coote-Manningham that became the 95th Rifles. This was the first permanent light infantry and completely rifle armed regiment in the British Army. There are 20 Maps, 27 Orders of Battle (OOBs), 93 Tables and over 110 illustrations including 56 of rifles, sword bayonets and bayonets. The themes of the book are:-
  1. The origins (Chapter 1) and formation (Chapter 8) of the 95th Rifles as the Experimental Corps of Riflemen under Colonel Coote Manningham.
  2. The development of the Baker Rifle and its use (Chapters 2-6),
  3. The barracks (Chapter 7), the training in Essex, Kent and Sussex (Chapter 8, 10, 14-15), their drilling of the  Volunteer Riflemen (Chapter 16) and the formation of the 2/95th in Canterbury on 1805 (Chapter 17).
  4. The early campaigns over the first seven years of their existence (Chapters 9, 11-12 and 18-20), and their campaign medals (Chapter 21).
  5. Selected articles from the Regulations for the Rifle Corps (Chapter 22) and the Shorncliffe Lectures of 1803 are printed in full (Chapter 23).

This book is 260 pages long and I include a table of organization of the US military intelligence and the OSS and its behind the lines commando operations.  I focus some on the developing of US signals intelligence and military history that has been declassified, but I think is still censored in our high school history books regarding US war crimes and etc.  I have been adding to this book over the years since the last time I published in on Academia.edu and this is edition as of Nov. 2019.  research.

BALKAN SAVAŞLARI ARİFESİNDE ORDUNUN SİYASETLE İŞTİGALİ VE POLİTİZASYONUNUN BALKAN SAVAŞLARININ SONUCUNA OLAN ETKİSİ Öz " Camiye, kışlaya, okula siyaset sokulmamalı " söylemi, Türk siyasi hayatında " motto " olmuş bir ifadedir. Bu ifadenin kıymeti harbîyesi, Osmanlı'nın derin tari-hinde yatmaktadır. Türk siyasi hayatında yaşanmış olan olumsuz tecrübeler ve bun-ların yıkıcı sonuçları, üç kıtada hüküm sürmüş bir imparatorluğun dağılma sürecini hızlandırarak adeta bir katalizör görevi görmüştür. Zamanla siyasallaşmaya başla-yan Yeniçeri Ocağı ve müteakip dönemde ordu içinde aynı zihniyeti taşıyan uzantı-ları, taleplerini siyasete müdahaleye başvuracak kadar ileri bir seviyeye getirmiştir. Osmanlı ordu mensuplarının asıl görevi olan " talim ve terbiye " , milletinin hizme-tinde harp etmek vazifesini ihmal etmesi büyük bir imparatorluğun yok olmasına neden olmuştur. 20.Yüzyılın hemen başında Osmanlı ordu mensuplarının siyasetle iştigalinin tahrip edici sonuçlarının yaşandığı en güzel örnek ise Balkan Savaşları-dır.

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This publication is about the Deep State and pursues four core objectives.

This book: 

• Defines the notion of the so-called ‘Deep State’;
• Outlines 101 tools that the Deep State uses to achieve short-term objectives;
• Analyzes the mechanisms that the Deep State uses to pursue its arch objective;
• Synthesizes an original diagram that summarizes the Deep State’s modus operandi.

This book is written for those with zero to little knowledge of the ‘Deep State’. It analyzes credible sources that claim a Deep State apparatus exists. Much discussion is cutting-edge. The Deep State’s existence has not mainstreamed in public knowledge during pre- or recorded history.

This book synthesizes the consensus that appears in various public sources. Examples include mainstream and alternative media reports, scholarly publications and institutional documents. Discussions are Western-centric. They focus on power structures in Europe, the Near East (e.g. Israel) and the United States of America (USA). These are the core locations of Deep State bases.

This book aims to arm readers with the tools required to form their own opinions. Much language in this book unambiguously informs the audience of the author’s informed opinions. May critical readers conduct their own independent research and always draw their own conclusions.

The surrender of Tobruk70 years ago was a major catastrophe for the Allied war effort, considerably weakening their military position in North Africa, as well as causing political embarrassment to the
leaders of South Africa and the United Kingdom. This article re-examines the circumstances surrounding and leading to the surrender of Tobruk in June 1942, in what amounted to the largest reversal of arms suffered by South Africa in its military history. By making use of primary documents and secondary sources as evidence, the article seeks a better understanding of the events that surrounded this tragedy. A brief background is given in the form of a chronological synopsis of the battles and manoeuvres
leading up to the investment of Tobruk, followed by a detailed account of the offensive launched on 20 June 1942 by the Germans on the hapless defenders. The sudden and unexpected surrender of the garrison is examined and an explanationfor the rapid collapse offered, as well as considering what may have transpired had the garrison been better prepared and led.

This most recent edition of the bibliography contains almost 21,200 titles in English (64%) and French (36%), with an introductory section on historiography. It deals with every aspect of Italian history and culture from the Late Renaissance to the French Revolution.