Urban History

This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so rather independently from each other. The potential applications and utilities of combining memory and periphery and the epistemic insights they provide for various disciplins are presented in the different contributions to this issue.

Feinman, G.M., 2015. Settlement and Landscape Archaeology. In: James D. Wright, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 21. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 654–658.

Settlement pattern archaeology and the investigation of ancient landscapes, especially when systematically implemented, have been some of the most significant archaeological innovations of the last half century. These studies have shed new light on the emergence of hierarchically organized and urban societies in regions around the world, while also providing new perspectives on the history of human–environmental interactions. This article reviews the roots of these regional archaeological approaches, their theoretical underpinnings, and some of the key empirical contributions.

The most original and shocking interpretation of Lucretius in the last 40 years.

Thomas Nail argues convincingly and systematically that Lucretius was not an atomist, but a thinker of kinetic flux. In doing so, he completely overthrows the interpretive foundations of modern scientific materialism, whose philosophical origins lie in the atomic reading of Lucretius' immensely influential book De Rerum Natura.

This means that Lucretius was not the revolutionary harbinger of modern science as Greenblatt and others have argued; he was its greatest victim. Nail re-reads De Rerum Natura to offer us a new Lucretius--a Lucretius for today.

In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.

A presente dissertação de doutoramento insere-se numa àrea partilhada entre a História do Urbanismo e a História Urbana, tendo como objectivo o estudo das alterações da forma urbana que ocorreram na cidade de Lisboa, entre o período dos reinos de Taifas e o final do reinado de D. Dinis. Através da reconstituição possível da forma urbana, pretende-se compreender os processos que desencadearam mutações na imagem da cidade, dentro do referido período.
A utilização de metodologias diversas consoante as múltiplas fontes analisadas tornou possível recuperar as lógicas urbanas que marcaram indelevamente a cidade de Lisboa. Deste modo, cruzaram-se diversas fontes para se obter um panorama mais completo possível do nosso objetco de estudo. Fontes documentais, arqueológicas, cartográficas, iconográficas, e o parcelário actual foram analisados e considerados em conjunto para se obterem imagens coerentes de vários pontos fortes da cidade medieval.
A dimensão de uma cidade como a Lisboa medieval obrigou a que análise dos processos urbanos tenha sido conduzida através de uma focagem selectiva, onde a topografia foi considerada como a principal linha condutora da investigação. Esta opção levou a uma fragmentação deliberada da cidade em diferentes espaços: a Almedina, a Alcáçova, e os três arrabaldes, Ocidental, Oriental e dos Mouros. Esta divisão permitiu observar o modo como dinâmicas diversas moldaram a imagem da cidade, sem perder de vista a actuação destas forças na cidade como um todo. Deste modo, a estrutura deste trabalho reflecte o seu processo de análise, dividindo-se num prólogo seguido de cinco partes. No prólogo são abordados três aspectos de carácter global inseridos em dois momentos de transição: da antiguidade tardia para época medieval, e da época de domínio muçulmano para a de domínio cristão. Na primeira parte do trabalho estudam-se as mutações urbanas ocorridas no espaço compreendido pela cerca urbana. Na segunda parte observam-se os fenómenos de alteração da forma urbana na Alcáçova da cidade. Ao Arrabalde Ocidental foi dedicada a terceira parte deste trabalho, cuja dimensão textual, com um peso comparativamente maior do que as restantes, reflecte a relevância deste espaço.  Os processos de mutação urbana do Arrabalde Oriental foram tratados na quarta parte. Na quinta e última parte foi estudada a evolução urbana do Arrabalde dos Mouros. Na conclusão procurou-se observar a cidade como um todo, identificando-se os processos globais que delinearam a imagem da cidade.
Este estudo, baseado em diversas fontes de informação, permitiu observar que a urbe medieval não se restringia ao perímetro compreendido pela cerca urbana, pois, pelo menos desde a época de domínio islâmico, o seu centro económico e comercial já se centrava na parte ocidental da cidade. Foi também possível compreender a acção das diferentes instituições medievais na modelação da forma urbana, destacando-se a Coroa, o concelho e as instituições eclesiásticas. Esta dissertação revelou o papel definidor das dinâmicas urbanas ocorridas em época medieval e o modo como estas sustentaram os desenvolvimentos posteriores, em época moderna.

This doctoral thesis lies within an area shared between the History of Urbanism and Urban History, aiming to study the changes of urban form that took place in Lisbon, in the period between the Taifa kingdoms and the end of D. Dinis reign. Through the possible reconstitution of urban form, it is intended to understand the processes that triggered the changes in the image of the city in this period.
The use of different methodologies depending on the multiple sources here analyzed made it possible to recover the urban logics that marked the city of Lisbon. Thus, we crossed several sources to obtain a more complete picture of our object of study. Documentary, archeological, cartographical and iconographic sources as well as the current urban property limits were all analyzed and taken together to obtain consistent images of various key points of the medieval city.
The size of a city like medieval Lisbon forced the analysis of urban processes to be conducted through a selective focus, where the topography was considered as the main guiding line. This option led to a deliberate fragmentation of the city in different spaces: the Almedina, the Alcaçova, and the three suburbs, Western, Oriental and Moorish. This division allowed us to observe how different dynamics shaped the city's image, without losing sight of these forces in the city as a whole. Thus, the structure of this study reflects its analysis process, a prologue followed by five parts. In the prologue are addressed three issues inserted in two moments of transition: from late antiquity to medieval times and from the time of Muslim rule to the Christian rule. In the first part we study the urban changes occurred in the space included by the urban fence. In the second part we observe the changing of urban form in the city Alcaçova. The Western area was studied in the third part of this work, with a textual dimension comparatively greater in weight than the other parts that reflects the importance of this area. The urban mutation processes of the Eastern area were treated in the fourth part. In the fifth and last part the urban evolution of Arrabalde of the Moors was studied. In the conclusion we observed the city as a whole, identifying the global processes that shaped the city's image.
This study, based on various sources of information, noted that the medieval metropolis was not confined to the perimeter comprised by the urban fence because, at least from the time of Islamic rule, their economic and commercial center was on the Western area of City. It was also possible to understand the action of different medieval institutions in shaping the urban form, namely the Crown, the city council and the ecclesiastical institutions. This work revealed the defining role of urban dynamics that occurred in medieval times and how they sustained further developments in modern times.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.

Anarchism and geography have a long and disjointed history, characterized by towering peaks of intensive intellectual engagement and low troughs of ambivalence and disregard. This paper traces a genealogy of anarchist geographies back to the modern development of anarchism into a distinct political philosophy following the Enlightenment. The initial rise of geographers’ engagement with anarchism occurred at the end of the nineteenth-century, owing to Élisée Reclus and Peter Kropotkin, who developed an emancipatory vision for geography in spite of the discipline’s enchantment with imperialism at that time. The realpolitik of the war years in the first half of the twentieth-century and the subsequent quantitative revolution in geography represent a nadir for anarchist geographies. Yet anarchism was never entirely abandoned by geographical thought and the counterculture movement of the 1970s gave rise to radical geography, which included significant interest in anarchist ideas. Unfortunately another low occurred during the surge of neoliberal politics in the 1980s and early 1990s, but hope springs eternal, and from the late 1990s onward the anti-globalization movement and DIY culture have pushed anarchist geographies into more widespread currency. In reviewing the literature, I hope to alert readers to the ongoing and manifold potential for anarchist geographies to inform both geographical theory and importantly, to give rise to more practice-based imperatives where building solidarities, embracing reciprocity, and engaging in mutual aid with actors and communities beyond the academy speaks to the ‘freedom of geography’ and its latent capacity to shatter its own disciplinary circumscriptions.

""This book investigates the founding and building of cities in the ancient Near East. The creation of new cities was imagined as an ideological project or a divine intervention in the political narratives and mythologies of Near Eastern cultures, often masking the complex processes behind the social production of urban space. During the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200–850 BCE), Assyrian and Syro-Hittite rulers developed a highly performative official discourse that revolved around constructing cities, cultivating landscapes, building watercourses, erecting monuments, and initiating public festivals. This volume combs through archaeological, epigraphic, visual, architectural, and environmental evidence to tell the story of a region from the perspective of its spatial practices, landscape history, and architectural technologies. It argues that the cultural processes of the making of urban spaces shape collective memory and identity as well as sites of political performance and state spectacle.

Excerpt
http://www.cambridge.org/servlet/file/store6/item7256988/version1/9781107027947_excerpt.pdf""

Qualsiasi intervento su contesti storicizzati – sia in occasione di esercitazioni universitarie sia nella progettazione di concreti interventi sul patrimonio – deve essere accompagnato da un consapevole studio storico-urbanistico.
Il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo non solo è importante per la rigenerazione della memoria dei luoghi ma è straordinariamente attuale in relazione alla necessità di riutilizzare e recuperare il patrimonio in armonia con le sue ragioni fondative.
I catasti storici rappresentano un giacimento di conoscenze di fondamentale importanza per lo studio di qualsiasi ambito urbano, paesaggistico e architettonico.
La loro consultazione, al fianco della documentazione di carattere archivistico e cartografico, permette di intraprendere itinerari ricostruttivi il cui esito si rivela di basilare utilità e spesso indica nuove chiavi interpretative celate dal tempo.
L’esplorazione degli scenari di evoluzione storica dei luoghi mediante le planimetrie aerofotogrammetriche informatizzate, le cartografie e i documenti d’archivio, le letture dei processi storici e progettuali, costituisce nei fatti una coinvolgente avventura storiografica che permette di confrontare gli esiti della ricerca con i dati forniti da più operatori.

Any project for historical contexts – both in university design studios and in real projects regarding existing structures and sites – must be accompanied by the informed study of their urban and landscape history.
Achieving this goal is not only important for regenerating the memory of places but it is extraordinarily timely in relation to today’s need to reuse and recover historic heritage in keeping with its original characteristics.
Historic land registers are fundamentally important sources for knowledge in the study of any urban, landscape and architectural context. The consultation of these registers, along with archival and map documentation, create an opportunity to embark upon reconstructive actions whose outcomes can be of fundamental utility and can often suggest new interpretations previously veiled by time.
The exploration of the historic scenarios of the evolution of places – through computerized aerial survey maps and other maps, archival documents, readings of historical and design processes – is indeed a stimulating historiographic adventure that can help us confront research outcomes with data deriving from a variety of sources.

Depending on how you approach it, economic justice is either an extremely old intellectual tradition or a relatively new one. From the first perspective, economic justice is part and parcel of classical political philosophy—Plato’s The Republic and Aristotle’s The Politics, for instance, both discuss property distribution in an ideal society, emphasizing the philosophy of justice over economic precepts. From the second perspective, the one we embrace, economic justice is a uniquely modern inquiry that emerged with the writings of Karl Marx and his revolutionary critique of the capitalist political economy. For Marx, economic justice can be understood as a critical enterprise that attempts to locate contradictions between universal and particular conceptions of human freedom and intervene politically into these contradictions with the aim of creating a more just, equitable, and egalitarian society. So conceived, economic justice liberates the collective potential of humanity from its exploitation and degradation by
capitalism as well as the various legal institutions it develops to control human behavior for the purpose of extracting of surplus-value. It is this Marxist perspective and the various historical reformulations that it has authorized that influence the way rhetoricians and scholars of cultural studies conceptualize economic justice in the discipline of communication. While not all of these scholars endorse an explicitly Marxist line of thought, they all attempt to conceptualize economic justice as a normative political category that influences various models of rhetorical agency and social change.

This paper argues for the centrality of memory in the Greek city-state; the latter can be thought of as a "place of memory", to use the concept developed by Pierre Nora. The focuse is on the malleability of collective memory, constantly reinvented— along with collective identity— which does not preclude authenticity and involvement,but also is co-terminous with strategic manipulation.

This volume presents a collection of studies focussing on population and settlement patterns in the Roman empire in the perspective of the economic development of the Mediterranean world between 100 BC and AD 350. The analyses offered here highlight the issues of regional and temporal variation in Italy, Spain, Britain, Egypt, Crete, and Asia Minor from classical Greece to the early Byzantine period. The chapters fall into two main groups, the first dealing with the evidence for rural settlement, as revealed by archaeological field surveys, and the attendant methodological problems of extrapolating from that evidence a view of population; and the second with city populations and the phenomenon of urbanization. They proceed to consider hierarchies of settlement in the characteristic classical pattern of city plus territory, and the way in which those entities are defined from the highest to the lowest level: the empire as 'city of Rome plus territory', then regional and local hierarchies, and, more precisely, the identity and the nature of the 'instruments' which enables them to function in economic cohesion.

Introduction:
http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/academic/pdf/13/9780199602353_chapter1.pdf

This article reveals how the economic system of the Majapahit Kingdom
since its establishment until its collapse . The key problem discussed is how the economic system of the Majapahit? The method used is the method of historical research covers four main activities, heuristic, criticism , interpretation, and historiography . The results showed that the effort to develop life Majapahit economy heavily depend on commodities produced , shipping and commercial activities . In a smaller scale , the industry also has an important role in the economy .

This paper sets out an ambitious critique of contemporary political scientists, political historians and others concerned with the history of democracy. It argues that overwhelmingly the history of democracy relies on an overtly Eurocentric narrative that emphasizes the keystone moments of Western civilization. According to this narrative, democracy has a clear trajectory that can be traced from ancient experiments with participatory government in Greece and to a lesser extent in Rome, through the development of the British parliament, the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution, and then finally onto the triumphant march of the liberal model of democracy across the globe over the last 200 years, particularly under Western tutelage. Histories of democracy that focus exclusively on these events not only privilege Europe and its successful colonies, but also miss the broader human story of the struggle for and achievement of democracy.

This presents us with a distinct challenge. For those whose heritage does not include a direct link to Greek assemblies, the American Congress or the French Revolution, the 'standard history of democracy' provides a distant and exclusive narrative, which limits one's ability to embrace democracy. This paper concludes by noting that, as democracy spreads out across the world today, political scientists not only need to break down the intellectual orthodoxy that democracy has exclusively Western roots, but also to embrace a more global view of democracy as a political practise that has been present at various times and in sometimes unfamiliar ways in the complex histories and rich cultural traditions of most of the people of the earth.

Le borgate nate in epoca fascista rappresentano una pagina fondamentale della storia di Roma contemporanea. Additate come i luoghi più malfamati della città, specchio dei suoi contrasti socio-economici e urbanistici, in esse può riassumersi il modo disordinato in cui la capitale è cresciuta e si è sviluppata. Avamposti dell’espansione edilizia del secondo dopoguerra, le borgate hanno costituito il luogo d’approdo per migliaia di famiglie dalle molteplici provenienze. Argomento fino a oggi poco dissodato, il processo di popolamento della periferia romana è affrontato in questo libro per mezzo di nuove fonti archivistiche, con cui è stato possibile verificare ipotesi di studio di recente acquisizione. Sullo sfondo, la storia del più importante Istituto di case popolari italiano svoltasi durante il ventennio, un periodo nel quale l’ente, fiancheggiatore delle politiche urbanistiche e abitative del fascismo per la capitale e, seppur a fasi alterne, organo edilizio del Governatorato, fu impegnato nella costruzione di intere parti di città e in quella di un vasto esperimento pedagogico di educazione fascista nei suoi caseggiati, contribuendo anch’esso all’instaurazione di un sistema dalle caratteristiche totalitarie. - See more at: http://www.ledizioni.it/prodotto/luciano-villani-le-borgate-del-fascismo-cartaceo/#sthash.xY1bnzBr.dpuf

The "Greek crisis" was officially inaugurated on May 2010 with the loan the Greek government took from the IMF-European Union-European Central Bank troika, the largest a country had ever taken (€110 bn). Since then, the social implications of this crisis have been dramatic. The form and the scale of social phenomena observed today in Greece and particularly in Athens--e.g., extreme poverty and inequality, profound police violence, organized racist violence--are unprecedented for the country. Nevertheless, a diachronic examination of some socio-spatial aspects of Athens reveals that the social character of the current crisis has been taking shape for some time. This article aims shed light on the social shape of the crisis by outlining three such socio-spatial dimensions as they materialized in the case of Athens during 1990s and 2000s: first, the emergence of new forms of social exclusion and inequality; second, the vast project of urban (re)development and the new spatialities it produced, and third the emergence of novel forms of political and xenophobic violence.

The first part of the paper develops the argument that geographers should learn to decompose human memory into its constituent parts because then and then alone will we become attuned to the full range of ways in which we incorporate places into our beings. The second part of the paper articulates Stephen Hill's comments on episodic memory with my recent work on wisdom.

"Les recompositions territoriales sont à l'ordre du jour à l'échelle planétaire, au Sud comme au Nord. Il s’agit d'une part, d’une vague sans précédent de décentralisations et de redécoupages municipaux et régionaux associés ; et d'autre part, des nouveaux acteurs territorialisés dits de la société civile (ONG, associations, groupements…) souvent partenaires des institutions internationales, qui se constituent leurs propres périmètres d’intervention chevauchant, recoupant, recouvrant ou englobant les mailles administratives officiellement reconnues. La production contemporaine des territoires locaux n’obéit donc plus exclusivement à l’encadrement administratif du territoire national d’un côté et à la gestion des services publics municipaux de l’autre, mais plutôt à une logique de recherche des territoires multiformes du développement, au sens d’espaces de mobilisation des différents acteurs potentiels du développement autour d’un projet. Deux mots d'ordre qui se déclinent en de multiples interprétations, accompagnent, justifient et encouragent ces mutations : "gouvernance" et "développement durable".
Partout, les pouvoirs publics investis dans un travail de recomposition plus ou moins radicale sont en quête de modèles, ils doivent aussi innover pour réussir la mobilisation pour le développement appelée de leurs vœux, parallèle bien souvent à leur désengagement. L’heure n’est plus à la rationalisation cartésienne, mais plutôt à une certaine géométrie variable de type « postmoderne » pouvant accompagner la complexité territoriale ambiante, elle même liée aux multiples ancrages et périmètres des réseaux d’acteurs.
Le Nord est tenté d’aller voir au Sud comment tradition, réseaux sociaux et identitaires ont pu se conjuguer avec administrations territoriales coloniale et postcoloniale, tandis que le Sud tend à s’éloigner d’une démarche de mimétisme et interroge les impasses des modèles du Nord, tout en cherchant à capter les nouvelles rentes du développement durable.
Ce livre constitue une synthèse et une mise en perspective théorique, de travaux en géographie politique sur les techniques et les enjeux de la fabrication des territoires. Chacune des 5 parties constitutives du livre est l’occasion de faire le point sur une des entrées cruciales du champ des recompositions territoriales. Pour chaque partie, une synthèse est produite qui permet de situer les apports des travaux de l’auteur dans le cadre de la production scientifique sur le thème, et de poser une série de questions. Des études et des développements originaux concernant notamment l’Afrique du Sud sont présentés à l’appui de ces parties. Par ailleurs, chacune de ces parties est l’occasion de formaliser des points théoriques sous forme d’axiomes, ou des points méthodologiques sous forme de graphes et grilles de lecture.

« 1. Vers le tout territorial » constitue un cadrage contemporain de la thématique. Cette partie permet de revenir sur l’ampleur du phénomène de construction multiforme de territoires locaux et régionaux, et de proposer une méthode graphique d’appréhension des systèmes d’administration territoriale dans leur complexité. Sont évoquées également les raisons du primat de l’approche territoriale dans les politiques publiques et les modes d’intervention pour le développement. L’axiome exposé dans cette partie concerne : “les logiques des 3 dimensions de l’Aménagement du territoire”.

« 2. Pas mort l’optimum, les formes contemporaines de l’utopie organiciste » revient sur les modèles, les techniques et les référents à l’œuvre dans la fabrication contemporaine des territoires. L’analyse porte plus particulièrement sur la tendance qui s’exprime chez les experts et les scientifiques à la quête d’un optimum territorial renouvelé qui combinerait fonctionnalité, participation et géométrie variable. L’axiome exposé concerne “la géométrie variable des territoires de la durabilité”

« 3. La condition du chef-lieu, de l’effet à l’enjeu » envisage les construits territoriaux sous l’angle de leur centralité. Plus particulièrement, c’est le thème de l’effet chef-lieu qui est traité et qui fait l’objet d’une présentation dans ses déclinaisons sud-africaines. Plus généralement, est proposée une interprétation générale de son paradoxal succès universel qui voit les villes secondaires tenter de se tailler des arrière-pays étendus à l’heure où les dotations publiques aux chefs-lieux se tarissent et où les charges de centralité augmentent. L’axiome exposé concerne “les modes de traitement territorial de la ville”

« 4. Les confins, entre innovation et relégation  » aborde cette fois les territoires par leurs marges en défendant la thèse des confins comme lieux potentiels d’innovations territoriales, mais aussi d’atomisation du pouvoir territorialisé. C’est plus particulièrement leur traitement dans le champ de la conservation et de la protection sur le continent africain qui fait l’objet d’un développement. L’axiome exposé dans cette partie concerne “la règle des 1-3 2-4”, autrement dit le principe de contournement de l’échelon inférieur et d’encouragement à l’affranchissement de ses limites.

« 5. La postmodernité territoriale, éclairages africains » C’est donc une réflexion sur la postmodernité territoriale à partir des réalités africaines sur le temps long qui vient clore le mémoire. Elle reprend une notion qui parcourt les interprétations proposées pour les quatre autres entrées thématiques. Les réalités africaines, et singulièrement sud-africaines avec l’Apartheid, permettent en effet de questionner l’apparente linéarité et la succession des pré et des post dans le champ territorial et d’analyser les conditions d’émergence de construits hybrides.

Les axiomes énoncés esquissent une table des combinaisons et des règles d’usage des figures et modèles territoriaux, une grammaire de la composition territoriale politique. On voit par exemple comment la référence obligée au développement durable peut renvoyer non seulement à différents modèles, mais également à différents ordres fonctionnels et/ou méthodologiques pour définir des types de configurations territoriales dites“durables”
En fait, trois règles se combinent pour fonder les doctrines des réformes territoriales et les positionnements des collectivités et des coalitions.
La première règle est celle de l’imposition systématique d’un gabarit approximatif tandis que des marges de manœuvre sont laissées généralement à une commission pour l’appréciation ou la négociation des limites. Le gabarit des mailles est stratégique pour le dépassement ou la reprise d’un ordre ancien, pour l’encadrement et le contrôle adaptés aux moyens administratifs ou militaires, mais aussi pour le ciblage des coalitions territoriales promues comme partenaires. L’imposition d’un gabarit est la véritable condition territoriale du projet politique.
Cette règle en rejoint une autre qui s’apparente à une loi. La loi du 1/3-2/4 veut qu’un niveau de pouvoir en cours d’affirmation structure son territoire en cherchant des relais susceptibles de court-circuiter le niveau inférieur contre lequel il tend à s’affirmer.
Une règle enfin se dégage pour expliquer le positionnement des villes non-métropoles dans les processus contemporains de recompositions territoriales. Cette règle est celle de la “compensation hiérarchique” qui veut que pour compenser leur déficit dimensionnel, les villes moyennes et petites ont tendance, au Nord comme au Sud, à revendiquer des arrière-pays élargis. L’enjeu est celui de la captation des fonctions d’intermédiation territoriale, et ce malgré les charges de centralité. La cité et ses élites sont en capacité de représenter un territoire et ses ressources vis-à-vis d’acteurs externes -investisseurs ou bailleurs de fonds-, les agents de la cité sont alors incontournables pour l’accès et la valorisation de ces ressources. Cette position d’intermédiation à la tête d’un territoire élargi semble nécessaire pour exister dans la globalisation hors des aires métropolitaines. Elle prend le relais de la recherche d’un effet-chef-lieu qui, avec le désengagement des Etats, ne se traduit plus sous la forme de dotations en fonctionnaires et en équipements.
Avec ces quelques règles se dessinent des logiques qui donnent du sens à la complexité territoriale contemporaine et à ses formes. Cette complexité se traduit par une profusion et une hybridité des territoires sur fond d’effacement des normes de la modernité territoriale : pavage, emboîtement et uniformité des statuts. Cette complexité est avant tout le fait de deux phénomènes concomitants relatifs aux acteurs des recompositions : la métropolisation d’une part qui se caractérise notamment par des comportements individuels et collectifs faits d’appartenances multiples, et la multiplication des acteurs du développement d’autre part (des organismes internationaux à la nébuleuse de la société civile en passant par les collectivités territoriales, les services de l’Etat et les entreprises) qui inscrivent leurs actions dans des périmètres différents et pas toujours articulés. Ainsi la complexité territoriale n’est ni une calamité ni un bienfait, c’est une expression parmi d’autres des mutations sociales et des différentes facettes de la postmodernité.
Notre posture est celle de son acceptation à la fois comme objet pertinent et comme donnée contextuelle, mais pas comme un facteur de résignation en matière d’aménagement et de développement. En effet, si tout ne se joue pas sur le territoire, bien souvent dérisoire face à la mobilité du capital et des hommes, l’enjeu territorial existe et il n’est pas à sommes nulles. Il y a des gagnants et des perdants, de plus, les modèles qui circulent sont tout sauf neutres, ils peuvent promouvoir certaines configurations spatiales et politiques tout en marginalisant d’autres, ils peuvent in fine accroître la capacité ou l’incapacité territoriale.
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I seek to provide an overview of the historical and geographical emergence of city-regions and to reflect on some of the debates that have arisen in regard to the theoretical status of these phenomena. I briefly describe the growth and spread of city-regions in the world since the mid-1950s and I consider how contemporary capitalism and globalization have fostered the development of this distinctive urban form. The internal organization of city-regions is then examined, with special reference to four generic outcomes, namely (a) aestheticized land-use intensification, (b) gentrification, (c) social polarization and informality, and (d) postsuburban landscapes. Issues of governance and policy are scrutinized and basic dilemmas of political coordination in city-regions are described. The argument ends with an evaluative review of certain critiques of the city-region idea in the current academic literature.

Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to Flyvbjerg what Florence was to Machiavelli: a laboratory for understanding the real workings of power, and for grasping what they mean to our more general concerns of social and political organization. Politics, administration, and planning are examined in ways that allow  a rare, in-depth understanding. The reader witnesses, firsthand, the classic and endless drama which defines what modernity and democracy are and can be.

Ancient Mesopotamia, “the cradle of civilization,” was the birthplace of some of the earliest citiesof human history, a sophisticated writing system, complex bureaucracies and literary tradition, andthe highly skilled production of artifacts. Te Euphrates and igris River basins form the backboneof this historical geography: Mesopotamia—literally “land between the rivers” in ancient Greek—the land of cities, agricultural prosperity, scribal culture, and textile production.

This article investigates the making of Assyrian landscapes during the late second and early first millennia b.c.e. From the late 14th century b.c.e. onward, the Assyrians designated the emergent core of their territorial state as the “Land of Aššur” in their royal inscriptions. However, over the course of the next several centuries, the cultural geography of the Land of Aššur was continuously redefined while gradually shifting northward from the arid environs of the city Aššur to the well-watered and resourceful landscapes around the confluence of the Tigris and the Upper and Lower Zab Rivers. Contemporaneously, the landscapes of the Upper Tigris basin (southeastern Turkey) and the Jazira witnessed extensive settlement and cultivation as Assyrian provinces and frontiers. Drawing on archaeological survey evidence and a critical reading of the textual accounts of urban foundations, this paper argues that such mobility of Assyrian landscapes was part and parcel of broader processes of environmental and settlement change in Upper Mesopotamia. Assyrian annalistic texts point to an elaborate rhetoric of landscape that portrays state interventions in the form of city foundations and building programs, construction of irrigation canals, planting of orchards, opening of new quarries, and settlement of populations. Furthermore, the making of commemorative monuments such as rock reliefs and stelae allowed the Assyrian state to inscribe symbolically charged places in foreign landscapes and incorporate them into the narratives of the empire. By drawing attention to the long-term trends of settlement in Upper Mesopotamia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages and the agency of landscapes, the article contextualizes the Assyrian political rhetoric of development at the time of a highly fluid world of geographical imagination.

Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.

Rancang kota merupakan suatu wawasan perancangan yang menyangkut segi tampilan (appearance) lingkungan dan struktur fisik. Dalam tatanan bentuk, Makna dan lingkungan kota dalam kesatuan terpadu antara lingkungan fisik, kehidupan dan manusianya.
Dalam perancangan kota terdapat delapan elemen yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan dalam merencanakan sebuah kota yang baik diantaranya tata guna lahan, tata massa & bentuk bangunan, sirkulasi & parkir, ruang terbuka, jalur pedestrian, pendukung aktifitas, tanda-tanda (signage), dan preservasi bangunan.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

"This study analyzes the spatial, demographic, and socio-economic structures of Edirne –the second capital of the Ottomans- in the 1700s. The main aim of this dissertation is to understand the Ottoman city in the case of Edirne (Adrianople), taking its mahalles as the main unit of analysis. In doing this, I, based on a relational approach to the city, examine different layers of city life simultaneously, e.g. its physical, demographic, and socio-economic structures on the basis of the sociospatial dimension of the mahalle. I analyze the primary sources such as avârız and kefâlet (surety) registers of Edirne through quantitative methods including hierarchical clustering, correspondence analysis and through GIS (Geographic Information Systems) applications.

In this study, I focus on a single city and study it in a detailed manner with a methodology through which I will be able to, in the future, compare its socioeconomic and topographic structures and historical development with those of other cities. I try to interpret the attributes derived from the archival sources, such as titles, occupations, ethno-religious identities, gender, and properties of the people in relation to the city spaces and to describe the ecological position of the city by focusing on the spatial neighborliness/conjunctions or distinctiveness of these attributes. In other words, I was able to reveal how these attributes concentrate at the mahalle level and how mahalles differ in terms of these attributes. Accordingly, mahalles got multi-definitions constituting certain zones or sectors with other mahalles on the basis of qualitative resemblance to each other different than the conventional districts (semt) defined by on the basis of topographical neighborhood. Besides, I was also able to visualize the change undergone by the city of Edirne in two different periods –1686 and 1703 – via different attribute profiles in two successive phases. This was an opportunity both to see what changed in the city and what did not and to interpret the interaction of the inner changes with the general historical context of the period under study. In this way, important developments were actualized in the relational methodology regarding the problem of following continuity, discontinuity and the change routes of different time series (sequences), which is among the most important methodological problems of historical studies.

ÖZET

Bu çalışma, Osmanlıların ikinci başkenti olan Edirne şehrinin 1700’lerdeki
mekânsal, demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik yapısını incelemektedir. Tezin ana amacı, Osmanlı şehrini, Edirne mahallelerini merkeze alarak anlamaya çalışmaktır. Böylece şehrin, mimari, demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik yapıları gibi farklı düzlemlerini - şehre ilişkisel yaklaşımın da verdiği imkan ile- eş zamanlı ve sosyal mekan temelinde çalışmak mümkün olmuştur. Avârız ve kefâlet sayımları gibi arşiv kaynakları, hiyerarşik kümeleme, mütekabiliyet analizi gibi niceliksel metotlar ve GIS (Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri) gibi harita uygulamaları ile yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada tek bir şehir, yeni yöntemler kullanılarak etraflıca çalışılmış ve gelecekte başka şehirler ile sosyo-ekonomik ve topografik özellikler çerçevesinde yapılabilecek mukayeseli bir çalışmanın zemini oluşturulmuştur. Arşiv kaynaklarında kişilerle ilgili verilen unvan, meslek, dini-etnik aidiyet, cinsiyet ve mülkiyet durumları gibi nitelikler şehir mekanı temelinde yorumlanmış ve şehirdeki mekânsal komşuluklar-ilişkiler, bu niteliklerin ayırt edici yanları ortaya konularak adeta şehrin ekolojik tasviri yapılmıştır. Başka bir ifadeyle, bu niteliklerin mahalle düzleminde nasıl yoğunlaştıkları ve mahallelerin bu niteliklere göre nasıl farklılaştığı keşfedilmiştir. Bununla irtibatlı olarak mahallelerin çoklu tanımlar elde edebildiği ve diğer mahalleler ile alışılagelmiş semt gibi tasniflerden farklı olarak niteliksel komşuluklar yoluyla gruplaşabildikleri görülmüştür. İlaveten, Edirne’de 1686 ile 1703 arasında oluşan bazı değişimler çeşitli nitelikler dikkate alarak izlenebilmiştir. Bu da bize, şehirde neyin değişip değişmediğini görebilme ve dönemin genel tarihsel bağlamını daha iyi değerlendirme noktasında büyük bir imkan sunmuştur. Ayrıca, tarihsel çalışmaların en önemli meselelerinden olan süreklilik ve süreksizliklerin keşfi ya da iki zaman arasındaki değişimin istikametini çalışma zorluklarını aşma hususunda da ilişkisel yöntem böylece bize bir ipucu sunmuştur.
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Publication of this book was aided by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to The MIT Press.

Research Support: Dumbarton Oaks-Harvard University Post-Doctoral Fellowship, Center for Studies in Landscape Architecture (1979-80); National Endowment for the Arts, Project Fellowship (1979-80); Fulbright-Hays Full Grant for France (1973-74); Council for European Studies, Pre-Dissertation Summer Research Grant (1971)