Ancient Greek History

The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely than nondomesticated species to be hyperdominant. Across the basin, the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increase in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia, distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples.

The ancient coinages of Neapolis and its neighbors are known for including many interesting symbols, letter combinations, and monograms. While many of these numismatic devices have been convincingly explained in previous literature, there is one letter combination that continues to elude researchers: ΙΣ. This paper will
explore past attempts to explain the meaning of ΙΣ and their respective shortcomings. Then, using numismatic, archaeological, literary, and epigraphic evidence, it will argue that ΙΣ is a word meaning "sinew," and thus collectively signifying "the sinews of Acheloios." With this interpretation, I argue that ΙΣ paired with Acheloios iconography operated as a regional badge that aligned the Neapolitans and Caletans under a deeply-rooted religious banner, one that symbolized many constituents forming one cohesive group at the start of the Third Samnite war (c.
296 BC), and continued on through the mid 3rd century, now incorporating many other cities, as a way to symbolize the region’s distinct cultural identity vis-à-vis Roman expansion. The paper will also provide a corpus of the ΙΣ types and narrow the dating of the earliest Neapolitan and Caletan issues that feature ǿȈ to the first decade of the 3rd century BC.

This paper explores the Pindaric tradition in Μπολιβάρ. It discusses how the poetics of praise and their function in Pindar's odes may illuminate the modern poem's form and aspirations especially as far as the role of the poet within the community is concerned. What is more, the discussion of the sculptural monuments within the poem allows for a better illustration of the tensions that Engonopoulos stages in Μπολιβάρ between the poet as hero and the poet as outcast. The paper also explores the cultural and intellectual circumstances in the decade prior to the publication of the poem that may have led Engonopoulos to choose the figure of Simón Bolívar as the central character of his poem and of Abraham Lincoln as Bolívar's "double" in the poem's famous conclusion. ver since the time of Horace, Pindar's poetry has been referred to as a poetry of the sublime: he is "like a river, rushing down from the mountains, / that the rain has filled above its us...

Pamphylia kentlerinden Perge’de üç nekropolis bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki ve Arkaik Dönem’den Hellenistik Dönem’e kadar yoğun olarak kullanılanı, akropolis eteklerindekidir. Kentin doğu ve batı surları dışında Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenen iki nekropolis alanı daha vardır. Bu nekropolis¬lerde yerel kireçtaşı, traverten ve ithal mermerden yapılmış çok sayıda lahit bulunmuştur. Bu lahitler, malzemesine göre ithal ve yerel olarak iki ana gruba ayrılmaktadır. İthal mermerden yapılan lahitler; Dokimeion, Prokonnessos ve Attika’dan yarı işli ya da tamamlanmış biçimde getirilmişlerdir. Perge nekropolislerindeki ithal lahit konteksti içinde Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenen girlandlı (yarı ve tam işli), figürlü̈ frizli, madalyonlu, köşe sütun ya da pilasterli (Torre Nova) ve sütunlu tipte lahitler bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede 2003 yılında Perge Batı Nekropolis’te, Dokimeion figürlü frizli lahit grubu içinde yer alan Amazonomakhia tasvirli lahit incelenmiştir. Lahit, 2003 yılın...

In 1954, Walter Beasley, the founder of the Australian Institute of Archaeology (the Institute), financially supported a young Australian archaeologist, G.R.H. Wright, to excavate tombs at Tauchira, near modern Tocra, and Euesperides, in present day Benghazi, Libya. Excavations produced artefacts some of which were sent to the Institute for its museum collection. This paper alerts scholars to the Institute's holdings from the excavations at Tauchira and Euesperides.

Das römische Köln war eine Militärgründung. Mindestens 25 Jahre waren auf dem heutigen Stadtgebiet zwei römische Legionen stationiert. Das Zweilegionenlager von Köln wird umfassend beschrieben. Außerdem wird dargelegt, dass sich die Ubier mit Zustimmung Caesars seit 50 v. Chr. in der Kölner Bucht ansiedelten. Eine einmalige Umsiedlungsaktion
durch Agrippa hat es historisch nicht gegeben – Roman Cologne was a military foundation. Two Roman legions were stationed in what is now the city for at least 25 years. The two-legion camp in Cologne is described in detail. It is also explained that the Ubians settled in the Bay of Cologne from 50 BC with Caesar's approval. A unique resettlement operation by Agrippa did not exist historically.

Le panthéon de la region plus large de Thrace est largement d’origine orientale, sans que les dieux indigènes manquent. La plupart des divinités, dont il est composé, sont associées aux éléments de la nature ou à la guerre. La plupart de ces étaient vénérées localement. Il y avait cependant des cas qui ont échappé aux confins de la Thrace et qui étaient adorées dans toute la Grèce ou dans quelques régions grecques. Nous allons essayer de faire une reconstruction du panthéon Thrace selon les sources, ainsi qu’un bref aperçu des dieux, même de ceux pour lesquels l'information est minime.

È uscito il numero 63 di «Zapruder», che mette sotto osservazione il periodo classico per indagare come la storia antica – il suo utilizzo, recupero, sedimento – sia parte di un gioco di specchi continuo con la contemporaneità e i conflitti che la attraversano.

The dinosaur record from Iran includes footprints from the Liassic Ab-e-Haji Formation of Neizar Valley (Kerman Province, central-eastern Iran), a single footprint from the Javaherdeh Formation near Zerab (Alborz Mounts, NE Iran), and skeletal remains from the Late Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous Ravar Formation of the Ab Bid Syncline (Kerman Province). Contrary to previous identifications, no footprints from the Neizar Valley belong to ornithopods; they can all be referred to theropod trackmakers. The Zerab footprint, on which the ichnospecies Iranosauripus zerabensis is based, is an undiagnostic theropod footprint and probably was lost. The skeletal remains are represented by bone fragments and a tooth of a mid-sized theropod, which represent the first dinosaur osteological record in this part of the Middle East. The Ab Bid Syncline has a high potential for further future discoveries.

El estudio de lýssa y de su personificación Lýssa en los distintos testimonios literarios e iconográficos permite definir su valor concreto en las Bacantes de Eurípides.The study of lýssa and its personification Lýssa in the literary and iconographic evidences makes possible to define its specific sense on Euripides’ Bacchae

Resumen: las inscripciones griegas prerromanas halladas en la Península Ibérica son un testimonio valioso para conocer diversos aspectos del contacto entre griegos e íberos y la posible influencia del uso epigráfico griego en el ibérico, pero también para proporcionar posibles paralelos y vías de interpretación en el estudio de las inscripciones ibéricas.

O artigo investiga a constituição da figura do filósofo, formulada por Platão em seus Diálogos, salientando as diferenças substanciais entre a ciência dialética e suas artes opostas, como a retórica e a sofística na pólis ateniense clássica. A atual pesquisa demanda uma nova abordagem da fisionomia do filósofo, dada por Platão nos Diálogos, especialmente em República V e VI, Fedro e Sofista, que denomino hermenêutica cultual, a fim de demonstrar que a atividade compositiva de Platão ressalta a coexistência entre os discursos figurativo e racional, pela qual ele concebe a natureza mítica e filosófica do ser e do não ser, da opinião, descrita como intermediária entre o ser puro e o não ser absoluto e, por fim, da ciência. Pretendo examinar que, se o sofista e o rétor elaboram uma imitação doxástica, fundamentada na arte antilógica, o filósofo produz uma imitação investigativa, baseada na ciência da verdade, conhecimento e ser.

Herodotus was born in a city with mixed Hellenic and Carian population, and grew up in a region (south-west Asia Minor) which was in constant and close contact with the great states of the Near East, such as Lydia and Achaemenid Persia. He was thus in a privileged position in terms of communication and exchange with the cultures of the ancient Orient. In this paper I propose to explore Herodotus’ authorial debt to the narrative and intellectual traditions of the East with regard to major, macroscopic compositional tendencies of his historical oeuvre. Two fundamental narrative structures, which condition the organization of Herodotus’ material and the layout of his work, seem to have been inspired by characteristic techniques and thematic patterns of Near-Eastern texts or lore.

Firstly, Herodotus conceives and recounts world history according to the typical structure of West-Asiatic and Egyptian king lists and chronicles: these latter works enumerate a series of successive rulers and record basic biographical data, key historical incidents, and occasionally picturesque anecdotes about the reign of each one of them. Herodotus assimilates this pattern and uses it both on a small and on a grand scale in his narrative. The individual historical sections (logoi) concerning particular peoples (Lydians, Egyptians, Medians) are constructed in the manner of a chronicle; the narrator lists a sequence of kings and offers briefer or longer reports of historical events and anecdotal tales for every name of the list. The Herodotean oeuvre as a whole is built on the same chronographic principle; a succession of Achaemenid monarchs (Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes) forms the framework, which is filled in with extensive accounts of each king’s exploits, wars, and other ventures.

Secondly, Herodotus appears to have taken over from Near-Eastern storytelling the concept of the frame narrative, i.e. the tales emboxed inside other tales like “Russian dolls”. This technique first appears in ancient Egyptian novellas and story collections of the second and first millennium BCE, and subsequently spread all over the eastern world up to Iran and India, conditioning the layout of the great oriental narrative compilations, from the Book of Sindbad to the Pañcatantra and the Thousand and One Nights. Herodotus exploits this pattern already in the first and paradigmatic long novella of his work (the story of Solon and Croesus, 1.29-33) and then in various subsequent narrative sections (e.g. the account of the Spartans’ conference and Socles’ speech, 5.91-93). In all these cases one of the characters of the main narrative tells a series of didactic stories in close sequence, in the manner familiar from ancient Egyptian story collections (Papyrus Westcar, Tales of Petese) and from the Book of Sindbad.

Meu propósito no presente artigo é pensar o nexo entre poder e liberdade a partir de Tucídides e Aristóteles. No discurso fúnebre de Péricles em homenagem aos atenienses mortos em combate durante a Guerra do Peloponeso e na determinação da virtude ética da coragem, feita por Aristóteles em sua Ética a Nicômaco, encontra-se a mesma atitude ousada de consideração dos riscos inerentes à ação. É o que acontece no exercício reflexivo da deliberação. A herança grega consiste na visão de que o exercício do poder possui um caráter liberador. Ao contrário da dominação, o poder deixa livres aqueles que estão em sua órbita.

В 2022 году изданием второго тома «Атласа ближней хоры Херсонеса Таврического» (первый том вышел в свет в 2020 году) коллективом из шести авторов был осуществлен целостный замысел по представлению аэрофотоснимков 1941–1944 гг. в контексте разновременных космических снимков для 430 блоков земельных наделов античного Херсонеса. Формат издания – атлас-монография – позволил на единой методической основе визуального дешифрирования аэрофотоснимков составить каталог блоков земельных участков с отражением их внешних границ и сохранившихся признаков внутреннего размежевания наделов, а также представить в цикле содержательных глав историю исследования ближней хоры, подходы к реконструкции античного землеустройства, меры площади и единицы ее измерения. В рецензии показаны значительные достижения авторов, открывающие новые горизонты для анализа первоначального замысла государственного земельного кадастра, фактической реализации землеустроительных действий, иерархии территориальных единиц землепользования и землевладения, смежных вопросов в сфере природопользования и хозяйственной деятельности античного государства. Рецензия содержит рекомендации по дальнейшему использованию созданной базы геоданных и планово-картографического отражения земельного кадастра в части обоснования репрезентативных блоков земельных наделов, их типологическому анализу, разработке предложений по созданию комплексных охраняемых территорий и их включению в перспективные схемы территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования Севастополя. Издание Атласа в очередной раз показало перспективность междисциплинарных исследований, в частности привлечения для целей археологии технологий геоинформационного анализа и дешифрирования данных дистанционного зондирования Земли.

This volume offers fresh perspectives on Platonic dialectic. For Plato, philosophy depends on, or is perhaps even identical with, dialectic. However, there is little agreement as to what Platonic dialectic is. Most studies of Platonic dialectic focus on only one aspect of this method that allegedly characterizes one specific period in Plato's development. The 13 chapters in this volume present a comprehensive picture of this crucial aspect of Plato's philosophy and seek to clarify what Plato takes to be proper dialectical procedures. They examine the ways that these procedures are related to each other and other aspects of his philosophy, such as ethics, psychology, and metaphysics.

Marcel Detienne é um dos mais importantes historiadores e especialistas do estudo da Grécia Antiga. É reconhecida, sobretudo, por suas tentativas de aplicar uma abordagem antropológica à Grécia clássica e arcaica. Suas influências vieram do estruturalismo de Claude Lévi-Strauss e suas obras são reconhecidas pelos principais historiadores do seu tempo – Jean-Pierre Vernant e Pierre Vidal-Naquet, por exemplo. Dentre elas podemos citar: Homère, Hésiode et Pythagore: poésie et philosophie dans le pythagorisme ancien (1962), De la pensée religieuse à la pensée philosophique (1963), Les Maîtres de vérité dans la Grèce archaïque e, principalmente, La cuisine du sacrifice en pays grec – produzida com Vernant em 1979.  

In the fourth century BC, the first sanctuary for the goddess, Isis, was built in Athens by Egyptian immigrants. Cults for the Graeco-Egyptian deities, Isis, Sarapis, Harpocrates and Anubis, are attested in Athens and Attica until late antiquity, enjoying great popularity among the ancient Athenians. Earlier research studied these deities mostly in terms of their distribution and treated them more or less as exotica. In this seminar, however, I will show how the cults of the Graeco-Egyptian gods were religiously appropriated and integrated into the local cultic landscape through the actions of individuals and groups. In doing so, I raise the question of the many possible meanings that these cults could have had in the local context of Athens at different times. As a new approach, I apply Cornelius Castoriadis’s theory of ‘the social imaginary’ to describe how a ritual, a sanctuary or an iconography of a god was imagined and shaped by the agency of individuals and groups.