Military History

The revised results of this live-fire experiment with colonial, Revolutionary War, and American Civil War firearms add to the investigation of late pre-modern gun use and enhance our previous work on colonial-era firearms (Scott et al. revised 2024). To determine what happens when large-caliber lead balls, shot, and conical bullets were used in combat or hunting we observed impacts of experimentally fired projectiles into ballistic gelatin, an accepted tissue simulant with end coverings to simulate clothing of the era, and into a sand backstop. Projectile deformation associated with varied ranges were catalogued. The results of these experiments will permit archaeologists to better interpret recovered projectiles.

The question of Czechoslovak strategic thinking is closely linked to the existence of the Czechoslovak state between 1918 and 1992. The issue of the state’s defense has always been linked to its diplomatic, political, legal and social history. This book cannot be viewed only as a historical handbook of the conflicts in which our country participated in the 20th century. Specific historical events only serve as a frame for the main subject of this inquiry.  This subject is strategic thinking, which means finding of the necessary solutions aimed at choosing the optimal variant of the defense of Czechoslovakia and, since the 90s of the last century, the Czech Republic as well. This process relied on multiple instruments, such as diplomacy, the choice of a certain military system, war planning, legislation, and support of the military area from the national economy. An irreplaceable role was played in this respect by military science, which always fundamentally influenced the preparation of the armed forces for a future conflict. These measures represented a relatively diverse set of tools for determining the specific form of military and defense measures.
The subject of the book is interdisciplinary in nature. It lies at the intersection of the theory of military art, the history of wars and classical historiography. Therefore, the author uses the methods of several disciplines and at the same time tries to combine them appropriately. The interweaving of different approaches connects the common social science basis of the mentioned scientific disciplines. This fact must be emphasized especially in the case of the theory of military art, which is generally understood as the core of military science. If we think about the development of Czechoslovak and subsequent Czech strategic thinking, we can legitimately ask whether there were unifying points for this issue in the 20th century. One hundred years represents such a long period of time that it breaks up the imported homogeneity into sub-periods.
The most important strategic factor was primarily a question of the geopolitical position and geographical shape of the Czechoslovakian state. As already emerged from the previous interpretation, Czechoslovakia, as well as its successor entity the Czech Republic, were and still are located in the region of Central Europe, which is the intersection of power lines and the environment of interest of the great powers. In this situation, the Czechoslovakian state had a very elongated shape despite its current very small width. Given this factor, and in addition the limited economic and population potential, it could never think of an expansive or even aggressive foreign policy. Consequently, the basic paradigm of all military-political considerations could be the idea of strategic defense, which, however, could never acquire the necessary depth and division. The main security threat for Czechoslovakia was the permanent German neighborhood, whose danger, however, was often exaggerated on purpose for political and propaganda reasons. This was partially done on the basis of foreign (French, British or Soviet) influences, which always partly shaped or completely replaced domestic strategic considerations.
An important milestone for domestic strategic thinking was the emergence of the atomic age. Since the 1950s, Czechoslovakian doctrine and strategy were forced to identify with Soviet ideas of a total thermonuclear war, which, in Moscow's view, was the final solution to the political contradictions between capitalist and socialist states. The completely unprecedented achievements of Czechoslovak military science, culminating in the attempted reform of the Prague Spring of 1968/69, stemmed precisely from the need to find effective alternatives to such a form of war. The memorable Memorandum 68 and its creators were looking for the necessary variants of the Czechoslovak security policy so that the Czechoslovakia together with the Czechs and Slovaks would not disappear from the map of Europe due to the impending nuclear inferno. After the normalization persecutions, these ideas were reflected in the most independent strategic thinking that accompanied the last years or months of the problematically divided Czechoslovakian federation.
The Czech Republic partially followed up on this ideological link after 1993, which was reflected in the wording of the military doctrines and strategies created at that time. This was done despite the fact that the ideas of collective European security gradually weakened in the course of the 1990s, and their subsequent displacement was due to the idea of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as the only long-term functional guarantee of Czech national security. The entry of the Czech Republic into NATO on March 12, 1999 can then be understood as a politically realistic and pragmatic provision of the defense of the state, but not as a solution that is stable in all respects or completely immutable. This is especially true in a situation where the existence of only one dominant military-political bloc in Europe has sown elements of a certain imbalance in the relations between the countries of the old continent. Moreover, since the turn of the millennium, the above mentioned reason highlights the slow transfer of the political, military and economic power from the Euro-Atlantic to the Asian space and the gradual transition to a multipolar organization of the European and global security system. The core of Czechoslovak and Czech strategic thinking can be seen in the search for a certain form of neutrality with respect for international obligations and regional security anchoring.

This dissertation aims to discuss the incorporation of the “nationalist” Kazak intellectuals of Alash Orda to the Soviet Socialist Republics and their role in the establishment of the Kazak ASSR. In the course of events they acted first together with Russian liberal democrats, then they sought to establish a national government and fought against the Bolsheviks, but after 1920 they chose to stay in the USSR and join the modernization process of their homeland alongside the Bolsheviks. In the mainstream academic discourse the local leaders in the republics of the USSR are generally considered as passive victims of the Soviet policies. The members of the Kazak national movement of Alash Orda are also neglected as weak political figures after they had accepted the Soviet rule. But they continued their struggle for enlightening the Kazak people in 1920s. Their collaboration with the Bolsheviks was concomitant to their motives of modernizing the Kazaks. Their role in the Soviet Kazakstan...

For Latin learners, here is an Acceleration Reader, which segments the text into phrases to promote the sequential and aggregative understanding of "chunks" of meaning, along with a running translation of the segments (pari passu), so that the reader can stay focused on the text. No consultation with dictionaries or glossaries at the back of the book is needed. Book 3 of the Gallic Wars was chosen as a swift, action-packed, smaller section, feasible for coverage well within a semester. Paperback edition is new as of March 24, 2024.  The text has been thoroughly revised.

paperback: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CYXYCGPW/
digital version: https://www.amazon.com/Learn-Latin-Caesars-Gallic-Wars-ebook/dp/B07JYV831W/

Wars offer excellent opportunities to historians who wish to study the tendencies, attitudes and structures that are particular to certain societies, especially in the field of public health, demography and mentalities. How societies cope with the disasters emanating from large-scale warfare and its consequences, and what solutions were found or were beyond resolve, often reveal these societies’ potential as well as their limitations. Furthermore, wars often act as important transformative moments, creating breakthroughs towards new social patterns, attitudes and societal structures. The study of wars should therefore not be left to diplomatic and political historians alone; they offer enormously fertile ground for economic and social historians too. This volume of articles on big military conflicts in the twentieth century recognises that academic study potential. The volume contains twelve contributions, most of which (nine of them) relate to the First World War.

Verschiedene Aufsatze uber die Konstituirung des Politischen im Zeitalter der Franzosischen Revolution sind nur Entwurfe von verschiedenen histrischen Interpretation. Dieser Standpunkt wird durch die sich widersprechende Darstelungen dieses so beliebten geschichtlichen Themas nur bekrfatigt Mit anderen Worten: die schon zweihundert Jahre andauernde Interpretationen desselben geschichtlichen Ereignisses fuhrt uns die Intrige der historischen Darstellung deutlich vor Augen

Methamphetamine Drugs that Worked for The Military and Terrorists: From Pervitin used on The May 1940 WWII First Battle of Dunkirk to (new-age) Captagon used on The Oct. 7th 2023 Palestinian Terrorist Hamas Attack on Israel.

DISCLAIMER IMPORTANT NOTE | BEING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CAPTAGON OR OTHER DRUGS IS NOT AN EXCUSE FOR DIABOLIC, CRUEL, INHUMAN AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR. HAMAS, PIJ AND OTHER PALESTINIAN TERRORIST HORDES WHO PERPETRATED THE OCT.7th 2023 UNWARRANTED MASSACRE IN ISRAEL ARE EQUALLY TERRORISTS, MURDERERS AND CRIMINALS.

BRIEF ABSTRACT | The Pervitin part of this article was written as a section of a larger work dedicated to The First Battle of Dunkirk, May 1940.  Then, at that time and place, Pervitin drug was used by the German soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht forces during Case Yellow Battle Plan.

But, then in another time and place, in the Middle East, in that Sabbath morning a holyday dedicated to Simhat Torah, came that brutal, criminal, terrorist attack by Palestinian Hamas and PIJ hordes, on a peaceful music festival and the kibbutzim line bordering the Gaza frontier wire with Israel. The attack was during a peace period, a time of a signed armistice between Israel and terrorist Hamas. More than 1,297 civilians were inhumanly and brutally killed, burned, raped and assassinated, 274 Israeli IDF soldier and security officers died defending the country and more than 3,500 Israeli were injured; more than 250+ Israeli (and other nationals) hostages were taken back to Gaza, for ransom. The age of the kidnapped ranges from less than 1 year of age up to 80 years old and Holocaust survivors.
This criminal and terrorist attack perpetrated by Palestinian Hamas & Co. is debated in another separate piece “WE WILL SURVIVE”, soon to be published in academia.edu and amazon.com kindle. 1,100+ Hamas and PIJ armed terrorists were killed by the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) in Oct. 7th and the days after. On the many killed terrorist pockets the IDF soldiers discovered many pills, with a “double c” etched in by the pressing machine, named Captagon.

I AM WRITING THIS ARTICLE BECAUSE MANY OF HAMAS, PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad) and other affiliated hordes of terrorists, civilians, “military personnel” and sympathizers were (in large part) customer and consumers of the cheap and largely available Captagon. They were brainy washed & indoctrinated and physically trained to kill, but as well chemically under the Captagon’s influence.
This is the new-age Captagon, different than the original 1961-1980s American military flavor mild-Captagon, now a potent synthetic amphetamine type of stimulant, similar but more powerful than the German issued Pervitin in WWII and other Allied 1940s produced drugs for the Allies, American, British, French and other soldiers.

Bitva u Lenina (1943) - Battle of Lenino (1943) - presents an addendum of collective monography Sokolovo - první boj. 1. čs. samostatný prapor v bitvě o Charkov, i.e. in English Sokolovo - first fight. 1st Czechoslovak Independent Battalion in the Battle of Kharkiv; in pages 330-335. This study deals with topic of analogy between first Czechoslovak and first Polish combat experience in the Eastern Front under Red Army command. Study tries to tive an evidence that there are number of similarities in number of aspects between fight in Sokolovo and the battle of Lenino.

The Balfour Declaration was an important statement of intent, but it was only one of several wartime statements by British officials about Britain’s future plans for Palestine. It was the inclusion of the declaration in the text of the mandate for Palestine that gave this pledge the status of international law and set off two decades of argument over its fulfil- ment. This article tracks the process by which the declaration came to be included in the mandate text and, more than four years after its issu- ance, to finally win approval from the Council of the League of Nations. It argues for the crucial role played by Arthur Balfour himself in securing American consent and in overcoming French and Italian reservations.

Artykuł koncentruje się na mało znanym epizodzie z życia kpt. Juliusza Wilczura-Garzteckiego i jego działalności polegającej na rozpracowywaniu środowiska związanego z 2 Korpusem gen. Władysława Andersa oraz osoby ambasadora Tymczasowego Rządu Jedności Narodowej w Rzymie, Stanisława Kota. Tekst oparty został na archiwaliach i istniejącej literaturze przedmiotu.

Ομιλία της ιστορικού, πολιτικής επιστημόνισσας και διδάσκουσσας στο ΚΕΔΙΒΙΜ του ΕΚΠΑ. Δρ. Τμήματος Ευρωπαϊκής Ιστορίας, Παν/μιο Οξφόρδης, Δήμητρας Τζανάκη Δήμητρας Τζανάκη στην 1η ημερίδα του Ανοιχτού Διαρκούς Συνεδρίου «100 χρόνια από τη Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή» του Κέντρου Μικρασιατικού Πολιτισμού & Ανάδειξης Σύγχρονης Ιστορίας του Δήμου Καισαριανής με τίτλο "Στον απόηχο της Μικρασιατικής Καταστροφής: Όψεις της ελληνικής κοινωνίας του Μεσοπολέμου" Το πρώτο καταγεγραμμένο κρούσμα σύφιλης στην Ευρώπη εμφανίστηκε το 1494-95 στη Νάπολη της Ιταλίας, κατά τη διάρκεια της γαλλικής εισβολής και εξαπλώθηκε από τα γαλλικά στρατεύματα (Κόκκινος, 2022: 299). Ήταν οι κουρασμένοι από τη μάχη Μπολονέζοι, οι αιχμάλωτοι, οι λιποτάκτες και κάποιες πόρνες που ακολουθούσαν τον γαλλικό και μισθοφορικό στρατό αυτοί που εισήγαγαν τη σύφιλη (Στο ίδιο). Μέσα σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, αν υπάρχει ένα δικαίωμα που παραβιάζεται, αυτό είναι το δικαίωμα της πόλης. Και αυτός που το παραβιάζει είναι η υποτιθέμενη ανεξέλεγκτη, ανήθικη, εξωτική σεξουαλικότητα που καταφέρνει να αποπλανήσει τη Δύση, με αποτέλεσμα τη θεϊκή τιμωρία, ήτοι: τη φτώχεια, τον πόνο, την ασθένεια και τον βίαιο θάνατο.

The greek translation involved extensive calculations in matlab and in Excel. There were many calculation on the movement of bodies in different centripetal forces like a force that is proportional to the diistance from the center, or proportional to the inverse of the distance in the square distance, of force that is repulsive like in hyperbolas. Also the movements can be in circles, or parabolas, or spirals. Also there are some special conics that were derived from Newton and were elucidated by using the Matlab. Finally there are some files for the optics of Newton about refraction, and focusing