Qajar Persia

مدرسۀ دارالفنون را امیرکبیر در ۱۲۶۶ق پی‌افکند. طراح آن میرزا رضا مهندس‌باشی بود و معماری آن را محمدتقی‌خان معمارباشی برعهده داشت. خود امیرکبیر و بهرام‌میرزا معزالدوله به ساختن آن رسیدگی می‌کردند. قسمتی از بنای مدرسه در ۱۲۶۸ق، اندکی پس از عزل امیرکبیر، افتتاح شد؛ اما احداث آن در ۱۲۶۹ق پایان یافت. آنچه امروز به نام دارالفنون و در محل مدرسۀ دارالفنون می‌شناسیم به دورۀ پهلوی اول تعلق دارد و از بنای قاجاری مدرسه تقریباً شاهد مادی‌ای نمانده است و صورت اولیۀ این بنا مبهم است.
هدف این تحقیق شناخت معماری مدرسۀ دارالفنون در دورۀ قاجاریه است؛ که موکول است به اعتبارسنجی منابع، شناخت وضع کالبدی مدرسه، رفع ابهام‌های آن، و روشن شدن تغییرات آن.
روش این تحقیق تفسیری-تاریخی است. به این منظور، از طریق تطبیق منابع نوشتاری، عکس‌ها، نقاشی‌ها، و نقشه‌های مربوط به تهران قاجاری، ترکیب کالبدی مدرسه در هر مرحله و هر پاره را در حد وسع این منابع روشن می‌کنیم.
در این تحقیق، نخست نشان می‌دهیم که مدرسۀ دارالفنون قاجاری دو بخش داشته است: مدرسۀ قدیم و مدرسۀ جدید (مدرسۀ موسیقی). مدرسۀ قدیم همان مدرسۀ روزگار امیرکبیر است؛ اما در اواخر دورۀ قاجاریان، در دهۀ ۱۲۹۰ق، دستخوش تغییراتی در نماهای حیاط و در طرز اتصال با بیرون مدرسه شده است. مدرسۀ جدید را در اواخر دورۀ قاجاریان در شمال مدرسۀ قدیم ساختند.
Dār al-Funūn School was established in the first half of 1850s, under Nāsir al-Dīn Shāh’s rule and by the patronage of his chancellor Mirzā Taqī-khān Amīr Kabīr. Amīr Kabīr was also the patron of the school building, which its construction began in 1850. Its designer was Mīrzā Rizā Muhandis-Bāshī, who has studied engineering in Royal Military Academy at London. The school’s master builder was Muhammad-Taqi Khān Miʻmār-Bāshī. Amīr Kabīr himself and Bahrām Mīrzā Mu‘izz-al-Dawla supervised the building. A part of building opened in 1852, just a few days after Amir’s deposal; but it was not totally finished until 1853. However, the building that we know today as Dār al-Funūn was constructed in Pahlavi period. There is almost no important material evidence from the Qajar building; but there are some imagery and written evidences. The Dār al-Funūn building is remained unknown because of some inaccuracy in recognition of photos and their positions, and some changes in the building during the very Qajar period. Our goal is to recognize the school’s architecture and the quality of its probable changes in Qajar period, which is dealt with validation the documents, recognition the building physical properties, clearing the ambiguities, lighting up the building changes and evolutions, and dating them.
According to formal chronicles, the school was opened on 5th Rabi’ I, 1268 AH (Dec. 29, 1851), when Amīr Kabīr was exiled (about two weeks before his murder on Jan. 10, 1852). There are some information found in the textual sources, including Amir’s letters and the government formal newspaper, but there are no evidence of the school in the two major formal documents that was published about one year after the school’s opening: the oldest visual document of the school which is August Karl Krziž’s Map of Tehran (Dec. 1858), and the Statistics Account of Tehran. The second map of Tehran in the period is ‘Abd al-Ghaffār’s Map (Aug. 1891). There are and also several photos and gravures of the school in Gulistān (Golestan Palace Museum) Archive and other archives that reveal some aspects of the school’s architecture.
We will show that the Qajar Dār al-Funūn had two parts: the old building and the new one. The old building is the one built in Amīr Kabīr’s period. It was designed by Mīrzā Rizā Muhandis and constructed by Muhammad Taqī-khān Miʽmār-bāshī in 1850 and opened in 1852. In 1870s some of the court members decided to make some changes in the building, which were concentrated on the courtyard facades and the entrance. The designer of the changes was Mīrzā ʽAbbās Muhandis (Mīrzā Rizā’s son) and the constructer was Muhammad Ibrāhim-khān Miʽmār-bāshī (Muhammad Taqī-khān’s son). Some years between 1858 and 1892, the school was developed by adding a new building at the north side of the old one, at the west side of the telegraph office. The new building was called as “the School of Musics” and “the New School of Dār al-Funūn. In the early Pahlavi period, the both buildings were destroyed and replaced by a modern building designed by the Georgian architect Nikolai Lvovich Markov (1882-1957). It is the building that is known now as Dār al-Funūn High School.