Spain (History)

This research analyzes the importance of printing in the spread of secular Franciscan way of life in the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Modern Age. Analysing the evolution of print production and its internal characteristics, we see a parallel between the growth of the movement and the rise of publications, from the early 17th century. The 18th century is the height of all that production and the first half of the  nineteenth century, a period of decline. With regard to issues of publications, printed works that predominate are those who talk about the rule and other legal texts, followed by the sermons and funeral prayers, the collections of privileges, the devotional works and the lives of the saints of the order.

En la teoría política cristiano-occidental se ha entendido al
político como a un servidor que debía prestar a su señor auxilio y consejo.
Lo primero empezó siendo ayuda militar para después derivar hacia la
fórmula del servicio económico. Lo segundo era apoyar a dicho señor (casi
siempre un rey) en sus labores de gobierno y gestión. Así, los políticos, los
ministros, los oficiales, eran, primordialmente, consejeros, administraban o
intermediaban dicho servicio real o público. Las reflexiones sobre el particular,
desde la óptica del habitus, servirán para entender mejor los grupos
dirigentes y oligárquicos, y de su labor y justificación frente al aparato
real. De hecho, la tratadística sobre el consejo y los consejeros constituyó
todo un subgénero de la literatura política de la que participaron junto a
los castellanos otros tantos súbditos de la Monarquía Hispánica. En este análisis se trazan dos líneas no siempre fáciles de deslindar. Por una parte,
la consideración de los consejeros desde arriba, como apoyo al gobierno
principesco mediante el sistema polisinodial; aquí encontraremos a autores
como Furio Ceriol, Madariaga, Ramírez de Prado, Álamo de Barrientos
y Mártir Rizo, los cuales acusan numerosas influencias de Erasmo, Vives,
Bodin, Lipsio, Chokier de Surlet y Simancas. Y, por otra parte, los que
propugnan posturas más republicanas o ciudadanas, entre los que hay
que destacar a Costa Beltrán, Castilla Aguayo, Ballesteros Saavedra y
Acevedo Salamanca.

In the Christian-Western political theory has been understood
as a political server should provide his lord help and advice. The first
began as military aid and then drift into the economic service. The second
was to support this lord (usually a king) in their governance and management tasks. So, politicians, ministers, officers were primarily councillors, administered or intermediated this royal or public service. The reflections on the matter from the perspective of the habitus, helps understanding social leaders and oligarchies, and its work and justification against the real device. In fact, the treatises about the councillors was an entire subgenre of political literature of which the castilians participated with other subjects of the Hispanic Monarchy. In this work two not always easy to delimit lines are drawn. On the one hand, consideration of the councillors from above as support for the princely government by polisinodial system; here we find authors like Furio Ceriol, Madariaga, Ramirez de Prado, Álamo
de Barrientos and Mártir Rizo, all have numerous influences of Erasmus,
Vives, Bodin, Lipsius, Chokier de Surlet and Simancas. On the other hand,
those who advocate more republican or civic positions, among which we
should mention to Costa Beltrán, Castilla Aguayo, Ballesteros Saavedra
and Acevedo Salamanca.

Resumen. En la España de principios del siglo XX, la Asociación de Tiro Nacional fue representativa de la clase militar, la aristocracia y la derecha conservadora, y si bien entre sus objetivos se fomentaba la afición a las prácticas de tiro como medio de enderezar física y moralmente a la juventud, por otro lado, se proyectaron dispositivos nacionalizadores que aspiraban a vincular la vida militar con la civil. Con ello se inventaba un relato patriótico para subordinar y disciplinar a la ciudadanía a los propósitos subyacentes en la salvaguarda de una sociedad en decadencia. Alrededor de este paradigma se actuó sobre la niñez masculina, que fue utilizada para moldear un mistificado sentimiento patriótico en el cual se fundamentó la proyección de las violencias reaccionarias encuadradas en defender la unidad territorial e ideológica de España.

In early 20th century Spain, the National Shooting Association represented the military class, the aristocracy and the conservative right. Although one of its objectives was to promote rifle shooting as a way of physically and morally fortifying young people, it was also a source of nationalistic stratagems whose aim was to tie together military and civilian life. This meant making up a patriotic narrative to discipline the citizenry and subordinate it to the underlying aim of safeguarding a society in decadence. Around this paradigm, male childhood was moulded to instil a sentiment of mystical patriotism, which formed the basis for the reactionary violence later deployed in the defence of the territorial and ideological unity of Spain.

Lessons for Australia from Spain, which retains Europe’s oldest public landscaped space (748AD) and oldest surviving garden (c1250AD) and is rich in garden history.  Waves of invasion, conversion to and mediation between cultures have fostered layered landscapes reflecting the adapting of old spaces and agri-/horticultural traditions, a place now unafraid of the new, yet fiercely proud of tradition.  Recent designers and management trends will be discussed in the context of environmental sustainability, population demographics and increasing engagement with the outside world.

The courageous fight in the never-ending struggle for new ideas, the undiscouraged search for unity and multiplicity, together with the fearless pursuit of cooperation are some of the many different idiosyncratic qualities of the Bauhaus, which Ludwig Mies van der Rohe foregrounded as a eulogy to Walter Gropius in the last text he published in Berlin (1969). An educational way of thinking, not exempt of controversies, that Gropius instilled and that characterized the school, during a large part of its brief and intense existence in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin (1919-1933). A crucible of ideas extended and transmitted beyond borders, which has reached in multitude of different expressions to our days.

At the origin, the well-known formative travels that Gropius made throughout Spain (1907-1908), attracted by the tradition and the ceramic crafts of the workshop schools , traced one of those first vectors that he would later conclude with his famous lecture Funktionelle Baukunst, given in Spanish in Madrid, Bilbao, San Sebastian (1930) and Barcelona (1932). Also legendary, is the year Mies spent working between Germany and Spain (1928-1929), a few months before becoming the third director of the Bauhaus. During that shining moment, as Mies himself would recall, the architect developed with Lilly Reich the largest exhibition project of his career, while building the German representative Pavilion that catapulted him to fame. No less significant is the choice of Hannes Meyer, its second director, to include Barcelona among the different pan-European exhibition destinations to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Bauhaus (1919-1929), thereby presenting the works of art, industrial products and architectural projects developed at the school to a vast audience. Along with its three directors, Spain, during the 1920s and early 1930s, was witness to the integration between the applied and the high arts, as well as of the scalar transition that the Bauhaus had carried out, from object design to city planning.

In addition to these pioneers, various masters went to Spain for different motivations, and captured the peculiarities of a built environment they would later reflect on their work: Vassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee spent over a month on holiday in the Côte Basque (1929), the same summer in which Josef and Anni Albers visited Barcelona and San Sebastian. Marcel Breuer spent a sabbatical period of more than four months between Madrid, Andalusia and Barcelona (1931-1932), while Lucia Moholy considered settling down in the latter city during the same time. Furthermore, many of the Bauhaus graduates spent extended periods in Spain, such as Ernst Neufert, Paul Linder and Kürt Löwengard, who even collaborated with Josep Puig i Cadafalch (1921-1922), or the less familiar Werner Drewes, Margarete Schall and Erika Zschimmer. Years later, some Bauhaus alumni arrived to Spain as Republican combatants of the Civil War, such as Georg Adams-Telscher and Ernst Scholz.

The number of Bauhäusler that felt attracted to Spain and that accessed both its tradition and its avant-garde is notable, and for reasons as varied as the craftsmanship, the landscape, the monuments, the great masters of painting, the network of foreign trade with Latin America, or even the possibilities of development afforded during the Second Republic. Some Spanish architects such as Enrique Colás and Luis Lacasa had the opportunity to visit the Bauhaus (1922), as well as to collaborate with their maximum representatives, as is the case of Joan Baptista Subirana, who worked with Gropius in Berlin (1930-1931). Spain's participation in the 1937 Paris Exposition was key to consolidating the relationship between José Luis Sert, Breuer and Gropius that had started in the CIRPAC of Barcelona (1932). This meeting set up a full stop in the evolution of the history of the avant-gardes to start a new one outside European territory.

Conferences and exhibitions, together with new educational and cultural projects paved the way as a living estate of a tradition looking for the engagement of common settings. From Francoist Spain, its immaterial heritage seemed to be the best mainstay for artists and architects to be able to discern new horizons to start again. The replacement of Gropius with Sert as Chairman of Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1953, or the well-known letter Oriol Bohigas sent to Mies in 1956 proposing the German Pavilion's reconstruction, reveal the continuity of the Bauhaus learnings inside and outside Spain, while opening new paths for its re-assessment.

This article analyses the activity of psychiatric hospitalization between 1896-2019 in four different times (stories) in a peripheric territory in Spain: Ourense (Galicia). In 1896 at the Provincial General Hospital (Hospital de As Mercedes), in 1956 al the Mental State Hospital (monographic psychiatric asylum), in 2001 at the psychiatric hospitalization in a general hospital, and finally in the new ward of psychiatry at the Ourense’s Hospital. This article provides unpublished documents that allows to know the clinical aspects and the assistance given to mental patients at the different hospitals along the time studied

Reseña de los libros publicados por Diego Melo Carrasco: Las alianzas y negociaciones del sultán: Un recorrido por la historia de las "relaciones internacionales" del sultanato nazarí de Granada (siglos XIII-XV), Murcia, Editum, 2015; Compendio de cartas, tratados y noticias de paces y treguas entre Granada, Castilla y Aragón, Murcia, Editum, 2016

Sport annually mobilizes millions of people across Europe: as practitioners in a wide variety of competitive, educational, or recreational contexts, and as spectators, who are physically present or following events through the mass media. This book presents original research into modern sport funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Its aim is to examine the distinctive contribution made by this complex phenomenon to the construction of European identities. Attention is focused on sport's social significance, as a set of mass-mediated practices and spectacles giving rise to a network of images, symbols, and discourses. The book seeks to explore, and ultimately to explain, the processes of representation and mediation involved in the sporting construction, and subsequent renegotiation, of local, national, and, increasingly, global identities. It offers a survey of key developments in sporting Europe - from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, and from the Atlantic to the Urals - presenting findings by acknowledged international experts and emerging scholars at the level of individuals, communities, regions, nation-states, and Europe as a whole, in both its geographical and political incarnations. Its focus on representation offers a broadly conceived, and consciously inclusive, approach to issues of 'Europeanness' in modern and contemporary sport.

Overalt i Spanien tilbagetrækkes gadenavne, monumenter og statuer, der på en eller anden måde hylder general Francisco Francos oprør og hans efterfølgende diktatur. Dette sker på baggrund af vedtagelsen af Ley de Memoria Histórica  i oktober 2007. Loven blev foreslået af premierminister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero fra PSOE , og den anerkender ofre fra begge sider af borgerkrigen og det frankistiske diktatur. Denne lov har fået stor omtale både i Spanien og i resten af Europa, hvor man i den danske presse har diskuteret, om spanierne nu er villige til at ruske op i deres sorte fortid.

Med en blodig borgerkrig og et næsten 40 års langt diktatur i bagagen, var grundsøjlerne for en fredelig overgang til demokrati stilhed og forglemmelsespagter. Med det måtte mange spaniere, frivilligt eller ufrivilligt, putte fortidens forbrydelser i glemmebogen. I 1990'erne opstod der en ny bevægelse, der nægtede at nøjes med den ’ene side af historien’ og som krævede at få sandheden frem i lyset. Blandt disse forkæmpere finder vi den spanske undersøgelsesdommer Baltasar Garzón, der, med sin ’oprydning’ i tidligere diktaturstyrede lande som Chile, nu er gået i gang med Spanien. Han kræver massegrave åbnet, så de efterladte kan give deres afdøde en anstændig begravelse, samt at få stillet de skyldige til ansvar for deres blodsudgydelser. Modstanderne af Ley de Memoria Histórica er at finde i de fleste højreorienterede grupperinger. Det konservative parti PP  mener, at denne lov blot er et ensidigt forsøg på at omskrive historien og slette fortidens spor, fuldstændig som Franco forsøgte at gøre efter den 2. Republik. Et sted som mange højreorienterede frygter loven vil modificere, er Valle de los Caídos . Husende både Francos og Falangens grundlægger José Antonio Primo de Riveras grav, er denne dal selve indbegrebet af fascismen og krigens grusomheder. Men det er samtidig et hvilested for mange tusinde mennesker, både republikanere og nationalister. Ley de Memoria Histórica forbyder al politisk aktivitet og mindehøjtideligheder ved dalen, men der har længe været uvished omkring dens fremtid. Det diskuteres om monumentet skal gøres til et museum med en forsonet erindring til ære for alle de faldne i borgerkrigen, mens andre helt mener, at den kun skal have funktion som en almindelig kirke.

HIJOS DE TITANES · EL SECRETO ÍBERO, es el libro en el cual Enrique Cabrejas nos relata de modo llano su experiencia personal con un descubrimiento extraordinario. El 21 de Abril de 2012 consiguió lo que parecía imposible: DESCIFRÓ LA LENGUA IBÉRICA. Un hito sin precedentes en la historia de la escritura, solo al alcance de los grandes y comparable a los realizados por Champollion al descodificar la escritura jeroglífica egipcia o Michael Ventris con la escritura de Creta. Desde este instante la obra de Enrique Cabrejas lo convierte en un referente destacado a nivel mundial en historia y lingüística. Las innumerables pruebas y significados que nos reporta, antes desconocidos, son una referencia obligada para todos aquellos que quieran comprender la historia, la lengua antigua e, incluso, también la moderna de nuestro país, o para quienes en el futuro deseen estudiarla e investigarla en profundidad, más si cabe desde el mundo académico. Hasta la fecha, el significado de esas enigmáticas escrituras no se conocía, aunque desde la comunidad científica se le dio validez a un origen indiscutible celta. Estas páginas nos revelan qué hay de cierto en todo ello. La transcripción, resuelta de numerosos textos íberos y celtíberos nos sorprende con un desenlace tan inesperado como fascinante que va más allá del descifrado de una lengua antigua. Capaz de responder a las preguntas que se han formulado los historiadores, lingüistas, investigadores y expertos durante décadas y nunca supieron ni acertaron responder: ¿Quiénes fueron los íberos y los celtíberos? ¿Cómo se llamaban? ¿De dónde vinieron? ¿Cómo llegaron? ¿Cuáles fueron sus costumbres? ¿Qué escritura es la ibérica? ¿Cuál es la ancestral y extraordinaria cultura que nos legaron?

Аннотация: В первой трети XVIII в. произошли большие потрясения для Испании: был утрачен ряд территорий в Европе, взошла на престол новая династия. Изменился и государственный изобразительный девиз на монетах, чеканившихся на американских монетных дворах. Как относились к государственному изобразительному девизу те, кто был ответственен за его изображение на монетах? Как он сам изменялся на монетах разных монетных дворов? Данная статья отвечает на эти вопросы. Собственный знак для глав монетных дворов был важнее государственного изобразительного девиза. Отношение к государственному изобразительному девизу со стороны испанской знати можно справедливо назвать пренебрежительным. Также к пренебрежению испанской властью можно отнести расцвет контрабанды и коррупции среди должностных лиц. И сами испанские власти во многом попустительствовали этому даже на эмблематическом уровне в первой половине XVIII в.-качество чеканки монет ухудшалось до 1740-х годов, монеты нового типа с полушариями между колоннами стали распространяться только с 1750 г. Часть брактеатов, которыми были вынуждены расплачиваться жители американских колоний, имела ярко выраженный геральдический характер. Это говорит о нужде в геральдике на самом низком уровне коммуникаций.

Купрієнко Сергій. "Музейна концепція" Грасіана-Ластаноси (середина XVII століття) // Музейні читання пам'яті М. Біляшівського і Д. Щербаківського: науковий збірник за матеріалами Всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції. - Вінниця: ТОВ "ТВОРИ", 2018. - 448 с., іл. - ISBN 978-617-7710-80-5.

Для науковців, музейних працівників, викладачів і студентів навчальних закладів і всіх, хто цікавиться історією мистецтва та культури.

The political relations between the Ottoman and the Spanish empires around the Mediterranean reached its peak during the 16 th century. However, these two great powers were challenged by the new powers and due to this threat they abandon the struggle around the Mediterranean by the end of the 16 th century. The Ottomans and the Spanish sign a truce rather than a formal peace. Throughout the 17 th and the 18 th centuries the Ottoman and the Spanish Empires lost their power as the primary forces in the world politics. This article aims to understand the Ottoman-Spanish Peace Treaty in 1782, and bring a comparative look to the Ottoman-Spanish relations.

The role of neutrality during the War in the Pacific has been overlooked by World War II scholars and researchers of neutrality alike. The reason for that is somewhat understandable; to the European neutrals, Japan was far, far away. Why worry about a belligerent that did not matter militarily nor economically when the existential threat to life and liberty was right in front of their doorsteps? The dangers that European neutrals were exposed to and the question how their neutrality helped them to escape the carnage of the battlefields has crowded-out more subtle considerations for the systemic aspects of neutrality. This chapter rectifies the situation by outlining in what ways neutrality impacted Japan and its enemies. It argues that valuable insights in multilateral aspects of the war are gained by distinguishing different types of neutralities; namely Great Power Neutrals and Small Power Neutrals. Further distinctions such as permanent, differential, and even belligerent neutrality are important to understand the many facets through which neutrality impacted the international system of warfare in Asia-Pacific.

Con la muerte de Franco, se abrió la posibilidad de retorno para una pléyade de militantes libertarios dispersos entre Europa y América. Aunque la situación de España y el anhelo de retorno marcaron las experiencias vitales de los anarquistas que habían vivido la Guerra Civil, el destierro fue demasiado largo y en el momento de hacer las maletas la decisión resultó mucho más difícil de lo que podría preverse. Esta comunicación se centra en la biografía de tres libertarios históricos, de trayectorias diferentes durante el exilio, que sí se decidieron a retornar: Diego Abad de Santillán, José Peirats y Ramón Álvarez. Con ello, queremos hacer frente a un ámbito olvidado por la historiografía del anarquismo durante la Transición, que se ha limitado a señalar la existencia de un choque generacional de estos libertarios con las nuevas hornadas de militantes en la Península, sin profundizar en el proceso. Nuestro abordaje se centrará en fuentes personales para componer la vivencia personal del retorno.
Tres biografías

La figura di Esteban de Alcázar è quella di un classico soldato spagnolo degli anni
tra la fine del Cinquecento e l'inizio del Seicento secolo. Nelle mie ricerche l'ho trovato nelle Molucche fin dalla conquista del Ternate nel 1606. In questo studio ho cercato di ricostruire i fatti salienti della sua vita.

Esteban de Alcázar, un soldato al servizio del re di Spagna in Europa, alle Filippine e alle Molucche

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/esteban-de-alcazar-un-soldato-al-servizio-del-re-di-spagna-in-europa-alle-filippine-e-alle-molucche/

Esteban de Alcázar, a soldier in the service of the king of Spain in Europe, the Philippines and the Moluccas

Esteban de Alcázar, militar al servicio del rey de España en Europa, Filipinas y Molucas

Los ingenieros de caminos, integrantes del cuerpo técnico quizá más poderoso de la Administración española y el que mayor presupuesto manejaba, fueron a la vez producto y artífices de la construcción del Estado en la España decimonónica. Su autorrepresentación como defensores desinteresados del bien común fue una constante a lo largo del siglo. Quizá paradójicamente, las propuestas del liberalismo radical tuvieron numerosos partidarios en sus filas: la revista vinculada estrechamente al cuerpo ofrecía un amplio espacio a los promotores de las propuestas laissez-fairistas y, cuando llegaron a desempeñar cargos políticos de alto nivel durante el Sexenio democrático (1868-1874), varios personajes destacados del Cuerpo diseñaron e implementaron legislación y políticas que disminuían la intervención estatal y cedían protagonismo a la iniciativa privada. En este artículo se examinan las visiones del Estado que competían y se combinaban en el discurso de los ingenieros, prestando particular atención a trazar las dinámicas históricas y relacionarlas con los discursos políticos de la época y también con los discursos socio-profesionales de los ingenieros a nivel transnacional.

This essay maps recent scholarly trends in the study of early modern women as healthcare practitioners and provides a general introduction to the special issue of Renaissance Studies titled "Women and Healthcare in Early Modern Europe" (Vol. 28, no. 4, Sept. 2014).

Archaeology is notoriously vulnerable to the ideological pressures of authoritarian regimes. This paper charts the political influences that shaped archaeology in Spain for some 40 years. Following the Civil War Spanish archaeologists were isolated from mainstream theoretical evolution, a situation that was exacerbated by the exile of some leading figures. The centralizing authoritarianism of the Franco r6gime stifled regional autonomy in administration and research, and key archaeological appointments went to committed supporters of the regime.