Spatial Analysis

In the Gallina district, it is still unclear whether the violence originated with domestic (i.e. local) or foreign agents. This analysis will begin with a brief review of the relevant archaeology of the Gallina area. Following this, I set out to understand who the aggressors might be in this region by employing macroregional spatial analyses in two different case studies. Spatial analysis is ideal for understanding the source of violence in a region. For one, it is applicable at various scales. This is especially important in determining violence between local groups versus violence across a regional landscape. It is only by understanding the spatial patterns of violence that researchers can comprehensively demonstrate the difference between local versus regional, internal versus external patterns.

Previously, cross-cultural studies have been limited by an immense, but largely inaccessible, volume of literature, most of which was not easily comparable to other studies. Recently, with the advent of D-PLACE (a global database of cultural, linguistic, and environmental data), cross-cultural analyses can be conducted between over 1,400 different cultural groups with relative ease. Utilising this new database, a re-examination of the revolutionary article by Roberts and collegues 1 is undertaken, specifically to address the hypothesis that games of chance are more prevalent in cultural groups with " benevolent " gods. Additionally, variables of political integration, mean community population size, geographic location, and the belief in trance states and possession are incorporated to explore correlations between game type presence and religious differences. A total of 377 different cultures are compared in this study, making this the largest sample size used to re-evaluate the Games in Culture hypotheses. Games are abundant in the archaeological record, and provide much detail regarding cultural, religious, and social characteristics of different groups. Thus, this study not only holds anthropological merit, but also benefits the archaeological community.

ÖZET Kentler, sanayi devrimi sonrası ve günümüzde 'ulaşım-iletişim-üretim' tekniklerindeki yenilikleri içeren-geniş çaplı-büyüme ve gelişme sürecine bağlı olarak; çevre değerlerinin hızla tüketildiği, kültürel mirasın ihmal edilip, mekân kimliğinin kaybolmaya başladığı, ekonomik ayrışmaların mekâna yansıdığı, toplumsal kutuplaşmaların ve sosyo-psikolojik problemlerin arttığı, farklılıklarını yitirip birbirine benzeyen semboller haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Aynı zamanda, tarihsel gelişme süreci içinde elde edilen-kentlerin geçmişlerinden gelen, geleceklerine sürekliliğini sağlayan geleneksel referansların-kimlik elemanlarının kaybedilmesi ya da niteliklerinin olumsuz yönde değişmesi de kentsel yaşam kalitesinin kaybolmasıyla yakından ilgilidir. Kentlerin yerleşik alanları içinde kalan tarihsel dokular, iyi korunarak süreklilikleri sağlanıp kent ile uyumlu bütünleşmeyi sürdürebildikleri takdirde, kentsel çevrenin kalitesine önemli ölçüde katkı sağlayabilecek çok özel alanlardır. Kentler ancak, geçmişten geleceğe uzanan tarihsel sürekliliklerini sağlayarak, kültürel miraslarını koruyabilirler. Hızla yoğunlaşıp yaygınlaşan, değişen, sağlıksız büyüyen kentlerin kültürel mirası koruması zordur. Bu kentler özgün kimliklerini, zaman ve mekân içindeki okunabilirliklerini yitirir, zamanla tanımsız mekânlar bütününe dönüşürler. Çağımızda, özellikle küreselleşmenin mekâna yansımasının göstergeleri olarak, farklı coğrafi ve ekonomik mekânlardaki kent parçalarının, giderek birbirlerine benzeşmesi sorunu yaşanmaktadır. Söz konusu araştırmanın amacı, belirlenen alandaki yerleşim dokusunu konut ve sokak ölçeğinde analiz ederek bu dokunun niteliklerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada, Düzce, Konuralp Beldesi Çiftepınarlar mahallesinin I. derece arkeolojik sit alanı olan ve çevresinde tescilli yapıları barındıran antik tiyatro ve çevresinin mekânsal dokusu ele alınmış ve bu alanın tarihi kentsel dokusunu ne oranda koruduğu dış gözleme dayanan matris yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. ABSTRACT The cities has begun to become similar symbols to each other that the environmental value has been rapidly consumed, cultural heritage has been neglected and space identity has been disappeared, economical differences has been reflected to the space, social polarization and socio-psychological problems have been increased, depending on the growth and development process including technical innovations about 'transportation-communication-production' at the present time and after industrial revolution. At the same time, the loss of identity elements

Este libro plantea una síntesis de uno de los temas metodológicos que más desarrollo ha conocido en la Arqueología de los últimos treinta años. Desde que en la década de los 1960 la disciplina arqueológica superase definitivamente el esquema que mantenía al artefacto como objetivo epistemológico principal y a la excavación como único vehículo capaz de alcanzarlo, las teorías, métodos y técnicas de reconocimiento y análisis territorial se han expandido de una forma acelerada. Ello ha creado un ámbito de estudio y práctica profesional de la Arqueología, del cual, a pesar de su pujanza y de la diversidad y complejidad de procedimientos técnicos y nociones teóricas que aparecen implicadas, todavía no se había realizado una verdadera síntesis en lengua española. Este manual ofrece a los jóvenes estudiantes y practicantes de la Arqueología actual un tratamiento riguroso, pero accesible, de los principios aplicados tanto en la detección y caracterización de sitios arqueológicos en el territorio actual (prospección de superficie, prospección geofísica, empleo de imágenes captadas por plataformas aéreas y espaciales, cartografía arqueológica), como en la interpretación de las pautas de aprovechamiento, organización y percepción del territorio que se dieron entre las sociedades del Pasado.

This study examines the complex relation between spatial experience and aesthetic experience. It is argued that spatial experience specifically in the context of everyday spaces makes it possible to experience them aesthetically as well. A wide selection of research ranging from environmental and philosophical aesthetics to architectural theory, psychology, human geography, and other relevant disciplines is employed in order to achieve a more detailed picture of how spatial experience is formed in the first place. This experience is described mainly in terms of phenomenology but is then related to other ways of understanding experiences and their prerequisites.

Different notions of space and spatiality and a more comprehensive articulation of the relation of perception to spatial experience, sensory perception, and how senses contribute to spatial experience are in the focus of attention at the beginning of the study. Different experiential layers that can be distinguished within the space which is closest experienced are explored. Interaction with environment is discussed and the notion of preaesthetic is presented to clarify the relation between the two different types of experiences. Following this, the notion of preaesthetic is studied against eminent notions such as aesthetic attitude and aesthetic engagement that show elements that have traditionally been considered to either lead to or define aesthetic experiences.

This study shows that the effect that spatial experience has on revealing aesthetic potentialities in everyday environments is far more complicated than has previously been understood. Due to its contingent qualities, spatial experience sometimes leads to "failed" aesthetic experiences even in situations where there is obvious aesthetic potentiality. Even though there are some overlapping qualities in spatial and aesthetic experiences, they cannot thus be equated, as has more or less been done in different branches studying the topics of art and architectural experiences, for example. In the final part of the study, some possible directions for future research are pointed out and the application possibilities of these new developments in aesthetic theory are presented by short case studies, in which a closer look is taken into a chosen set of urban everyday spaces.

Spatial variability is one of the most significant characteristics of soil properties, even within homogeneous layers. The physical description of this spatial variation is unclear, due to the highly expensive sampling, uncontrollable measurement errors, and modeling uncertainty. While the deterministic approach failed to present a reasonable quantification for the spatial variability of soil properties, the probabilistic approach has been utilized to assess and quantify the effects of soil spatial variability on the behavior of some typical soil-structure systems.
This study investigates the effect of spatial variability of soil properties (mass density γs, coefficient of friction tanδ, angle of internal friction (φ), and wall mass density γc, on the factors of safety against sliding (Fs), and overturning (Fo), as well as the maximum bending moment (M) of cantilever retaining walls.
For risk assessment, soil properties are described using appropriate probabilistic models. Deterministic analysis combined with Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is employed to analyze both spatially fully correlated and spatially uncorrelated soil profiles.
A FORTRAN program is developed to: (1) generate random variables with both Gauassian and non-Gauassian probability density functions (PDF); (2) simulate possible probability distributions for distinct soil properties; (3) perform repetitive analysis for each set of variable PDFs to generate the population of Fs, Fo, and M; and (4) calculate the statistical parameters of Fs, Fo, and M. The program is then applied to conduct an extensive parametric study.
This parametric study is performed to quantify and assess the effects of model uncertainty and the effect of spatial heterogeneity of soil properties, utilizing two different soil profiles: (1) spatially fully correlated soil profile; and (2) spatially uncorrelated soil profile. 
The numerical results show that the effects of spatial variability and uncertainty of input variables on wall safety vary from one variable to the other. Consequently, considerable care should be directed to those variables that have the greatest effects. For typical degrees of uncertainty, it is found that the structural risk is highest when the PDF of tanδ and φ is normal (Gauassian), or has an upper triangular shape (non-Gauassian). In addition, it is found that accounting for soil spatial variability in design of retaining walls leads to more economic designs, as it produces smaller probabilities of failure. In other word, negligence of the spatial variability in the design of retaining wall is conservative.

Rapid adoption and expansion of the CCTV systems in Turkey as well as all over the world have produced a fair amount of ―technological determinism‖ among many law enforcement officials, which Norris and Armstrong (1999, p. 9) define as ―an unquestioning belief in the power of technology‖. As a matter of technological determinism, politicians and the public continue to myopically expect that the exclusive responsibility of preventing crime rest on the police-monitored CCTV cameras. Conversely, policy makers may be better informed if they consider why the law enforcement agencies should invest in the installation of the CCTV cameras in public areas based on the research. In fact, a well-designed evidence based paradigm in the CCTV literature is likely to reveal the truth about the question of ―does it work?‖
In addition to all previous methodological efforts, empirical evaluations in the CCTV literature are still needed to account for alternative perspectives to measure their effectiveness in the deterrence of crimes. Therefore, the present study focused on the concepts of environmental criminology, namely "crime risk at place". This research also considered the environmental risk values that might identify ―environmental conditions under which cameras would be most effective‖ (Caplan et al., 2011, p.271). Thus, the concept of ―Environmental risk value" provided a unique methodological approach to the police- monitored CCTV literature.
This study examined the impact of the metropolitan city of Bursa‘s city-wide system

and certain individual police-monitored CCTV camera‘s views used to scan the landscape, respectively on street level, including aggravated assault, auto theft, thefts from autos, and larceny theft crime incident numbers in a spatial distribution of locations; and analyzed whether the environmental risk value effects on the deterrent effect of police-monitored CCTV cameras on aforementioned crime types. To accomplish that statistical analyses (paired t test, location quotient, and regression models) and risk terrain modeling (RTM) were conducted in this dissertation.
Three important findings were found in this study. Firstly, city-wide system effect indicated that larceny thefts and thefts from auto experienced significant reduction. However, aggravated assaults and auto thefts were not. Secondly, the results from assessing the deterrent effect of certain individual police-monitored CCTV cameras on aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and auto thefts were mixed. Finally, each individual CCTV camera has a unique environment – environmental risk value that influences its deterrent effect on – aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and autos theft. Further, the affect was discernable and in positive direction for each crime type.
Environmental risk value assessments can advance our understanding of the deterrent effect of CCTV cameras at their viewshed areas. So environmental risk sites must be taken into account when the decision process concerning CCTV cameras is made by local and national level policy makers, police agencies and politicians who try to establish where the most appropriate location to install police-monitored CCTV cameras is. In this respect RTM can be considered as a pre intervention tool so that police agencies can measure the deterrent effect of CCTV before installation. Such a pre-evaluation process increases the capacity for effective police management and crime prevention strategies in police agencies.

The mapping and spatial analysis of crime covers a broad range of techniques and has been used to explore a variety of topics. In its most basic form, crime mapping is the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) to visualize and organize spatial data for more formal statistical analysis. Spatial analysis can be employed in both an exploratory and well as a more confirmatory manner with the primary purpose of identifying how certain community or ecological factors (such as population characteristics or the built environment) influence the spatial patterns of crime. Two topics of particular interest include examining for evidence of the diffusion of crime and in evaluating the effectiveness of geographically targeted crime reduction strategies. Crime mapping can also be used to visualize and analyze the movement or target selection patterns of criminals. Mapping software allows for the creation of electronic pin-maps and by spatially organizing the data, GIS increases the analytical value of these maps. Crime mapping allows researchers and practitioners to explore crime patterns, offender mobility, and serial offenses over time and space. Within the context of local policing, crime mapping provides the visualization of crime clusters by types of crimes, thereby validating the street knowledge of patrol officers. Crime mapping can be used for allocating resources (patrol, specialized enforcement) and also to inform how the concerns of local citizens are being addressed. The citations listed below highlight the interdisciplinary nature of both the study of crime and the development of the methods used in spatial analysis. They exemplify the growing prominence that spatial analysis has in understanding where crime occurs.

The majority of social science studies on self-driving vehicles has focused on accepting technology using a methodology that investigates direct relationships only. However, there is an increasing demand for an in-depth social analysis of self-driving vehicle acceptance, exploring more complex relationships. Here, this challenge is responded to by the statistical modelling of the acceptance of self-driving technology, allowing for an exploration of the direct and indirect relationships among the relevant variables. Most previous studies have also been conducted in developed countries, and limited information is available on the acceptance of self-driving technology in less-developed countries.
The present study constructs an explanatory statistical model of the Hungarian population’s concept of self-driving vehicles based on a representative sample of 1,001 participants. Furthermore, a graphical representation of the model is provided. The main results include the determination of the most influential factors on the acceptance of self-driving vehicles and the attribution of direct and indirect relationships among the variables, thus providing deeper knowledge than that previously obtained and complementing the currently available research results. Based on our results, the expected advantages of self-driving technology have the greatest direct and total impact on the acceptance of this technology in Hungary. The enthusiasm for new technologies and the expected disadvantages of self-driving technology has a slightly weaker direct and second-largest total impact. Information needs on self-driving technology, awareness of driving support systems, and perceived usefulness of new technologies had a weak but significant direct impact.
The results of our study will provide essential information for the successful integration of self-driving technologies into the innovation systems of less-developed countries.

Objective – This research aims to map and identify the areas vulnerable to flood in Central Java Province, Indonesia, using Geography Information System (GIS) and value the economic impact on flood mitigation using Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM). Methodology/Technique – The data regarding geographical, demographical, socioeconomic , and topographical condition collected from local governments in Central Java Province, Meteorology and Geophysics Board, the Statistical Bureau, and Planning and Development Boar. Findings – Spatial analysis with GIS provides evidence that Surakarta, Sragen, and Sukoharjo districts are more vulnerable to flood than other districts in Central Java Province. This evidence points the need to conduct a thorough study on these areas. Novelty – This research contributes to empirical study, methodology, and policy implications.

Land-use/land-cover change is the most important factor in causing biodiversity loss. The Mediterranean region has been affected by antropic disturbance for thousands of years, and is, nowadays, one of the most significantly altered hotspots in the world. However, in the last years a significant increase in forest cover has been measured. These new patterns are independent from planned conservation strategies and appear to have a substantial impact on landscapes and biodiversity. We used three land-use/land-cover maps (from 1960 to 2000) covering the Italian peninsula to analyze the pattern of land-use/land-cover change. We measured an increase in forests, especially in mountains, an increase in artificial areas, especially in coastal zones, and a decrease in pastures. Intensively cultivated areas showed a limited decrease while extensively cultivated ones showed a marked decrease. In the same period mammal and bird species followed a similar pattern, with forest birds, ungulates and carnivores increasing, and typically Mediterranean species decreasing. We suggest that our results may provide important information, which could be useful for conservation planning in the entire Mediterranean hotspot. We suggest that an increasing conservation effort should be made to protect the Mediterranean-type forests and scrublands, as well as traditional agricultural practices. Moreover, future conservation efforts should consider the broad socio-political and ecological processes that are most likely to occur across the whole hotspot, especially along coastal areas, and the network of protected areas should be functionally integrated in a conservation strategy that includes the human-dominated landscape.

The theoretical framework of history used in an Annales approach can and should be a guide to spatial analysis. To illustrate this approach, the authors use spatial data from the RASA Project archaeological research on prehistoric human landscapes in ...

A rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization is observed in Rangpur city after becoming a new administrative division of Bangladesh. As a result, the demand for consumptive water use has prominently increased here. The main source of drinking water for most of the working-class people and slum-dwellers are public tube-wells that are installed at the masjid, school, college, marketplace, bus stand, and roadside. Though the water quality is a major concern, there is lack of monitoring of drinking water quality. Hence, this study aims to assess the water quality of the public tube-wells and find out its suitability as drinking water according to the Bangladesh ECR1997 and WHO guidelines. Fifteen water samples were collected from public tube-wells of Rangpur City and some important water quality parameters were tested. After testing, the values of different parameters were statistically analyzed to determine the maximum, minimum, mean, median, and standard deviation. The spatial distribution was illustrated by GIS mapping. The average value of pH 6.75, Total Dissolved Solids 186.2 mg/L, Conductivity 401.98 µS/cm, Dissolved Oxygen 4.34 mg/L, Total Hardness 117.67 mg/L, Alkalinity 107.33 mg/L, Total Iron 1.247 mg/L, Copper 0.067 mg/L, Phosphate 0.35 mg/L, and Chloride 31.56 mg/L. Most of the parameters have been found within the permissible limit but total iron of few samples exceeds the limit. The study reveals that the public tube-well water is safe for consumption. Finally, the geo-spatial map is generated that depicts the distribution of each water quality parameter in Rangpur City.

The aim of the research was to monitor and assess landslide hazards by remote sensing data processing and GIS spatial analysis. The automatic classification of remote sensing images provides many useful land use information to combine in a GIS environment with other spatial factors influencing the occurrence of landslide. The upper part of Susa Valley, in the Italian Western Alps, was chosen as test area because of a large variety of remote sensing data available by ISPRS WG VIII/2 with the aim to exchange information and experience in the field of geomatic techniques. It is well known that the occurrence of landslides is controlled by a lot of morphological, geological, and human factors. We have chosen, regarding the available data, the following factors: acclivity, aspect, lithology, land use and precipitations. We have built up a mathematical predictive model enabling actual/potential unstable slopes. It is a linear model where the hazard score depends on instability factors and...

Forest ecosystems are fundamental for the terrestrial biosphere as they deliver multiple essential ecosystem services (ES). In environmental management, understanding ES distribution and interactions and assessing the economic value of forest ES represent future challenges. In this study, we developed a spatially explicit method based on a multi-scale approach (MiMoSe-Multiscale Mapping of ecoSystem services) to assess the current and future potential of a given forest area to provide ES. To do this we modified and improved the InVEST model in order to adapt input data and simulations to the context of Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Specifically, we integrated a GIS-based model, scenario model, and economic valuation to investigate two ES (wood production and carbon sequestration) and their trade-offs in a test area located in Molise region (Central Italy). Spatial information and trade-off analyses were used to assess the influence of alternative forest management scenarios on in...

The main theme of this thesis is an exploration of living labs/city labs through practices in two Copenhagen’s spaces. It is investigated how living labs work with tensions between their ideals of engagement, openness to information and at the same time mobilizing resources to ‘pay the rent’ and invest in necessary technology they seek. Further, it is explored how objects in the living labs are formed, and how they are enacted in different situations/practices that can be located in different spatialities. Fieldwork is conducted by application of ethnographic methods via interviews and participation in daily activities. The findings contribute the understanding of living labs by extension of studied dimensions and in-depth practice exploration. Recommendation for future research is the application of such broader set of dimensions on a more extensive number of spaces to be able to contribute for better categorization. And involvement on large-scale of digital methods as post- demographics gains more importance.

Java, an island in Indonesia, plays an essential role as the centre of food crop production. However, over the last few decades, the conversion of agricultural land on this island has increased. The pressure on the availability of agricultural land has increased, and the problems regarding farmers’ income have not been appropriately resolved. This research was
conducted to determine the relationship between the availability of agricultural land and farmers’ income on Java Island using structural
equations. The panel data used in this research consist of annual time-series data from 1990–2018 and cross-section data of all provinces in
Java. Furthermore, the data were analysed using a three-stage least-squares model. The results prove that agricultural land availability
and the level of farmers' income simultaneously positively affect each other. Therefore, to maintain the performance of Java Island as the primary producer of food crops in Indonesia, the availability of agricultural land and the level of farmers' income are the main focus areas for improvement.

Racial health disparities continue to be a serious problem in the United States and have been linked to contextual factors, including racial segregation. In some cases, including breast cancer survival, racial disparities appear to be worsening. Using the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) database, we extend current spatial analysis methodology to derive new, spatially continuous indices of (1) racial bias in mortgage lending and (2) redlining. We then examine spatial patterns of these indices and the association between these new measures and breast cancer survival among Black/African American women in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin metropolitan area. These new measures can be used to examine relationships between mortgage discrimination and patterns of disease throughout the United States.

Traditionally, intimate-partner violence has been considered a special type of crime that occurs behind closed doors, with different characteristics from street-level crime. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial overlap of police calls reporting street-level and behind-closed-doors crime. We analyzed geocoded police calls in the 552 census-block groups of the city of Valencia, Spain, related to street-level crime (N = 26,624) and to intimate-partner violence against women (N = 11,673). A Bayesian joint model was run to analyze the spatial overlap. In addition, two Bayesian hierarchical models controlled for different neighborhood characteristics to analyze the relative risks. Results showed that 66.5% of the total between-area variation in risk of reporting street-level crime was captured by a shared spatial component, while for reporting IPVAW the shared component was 91.1%. The log relative risks showed a correlation of 0.53, with 73.6% of the census-block groups having ...

The concentration of people in densely populated urban areas, especially in developing countries, calls for the use of monitoring systems like remote sensing. Such systems along with spatial analysis techniques like digital image processing and geographical information system (GIS) can be used for the monitoring and planning purposes as these enable the reporting of overall sprawl at a detailed level.In the present work, urban sprawl of the Ajmer city (situated in Rajasthan State of India) has been studied at a mid scale level, over a period of 25 years (1977–2002), to extract the information related to sprawl, area of impervious surfaces and their spatial and temporal variability. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and IRS LISS-III. Urban sprawl and its spatial and temporal characteristics have been derived from the classified satellite images. The Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics (patchiness and map density) have been computed in terms of spatial phenomenon, in order to quantify the urban form (impervious area). Further, multivariate statistical techniques have been used to establish the relationship between the urban sprawl and its causative factors. Results reveal that land development (160.8%) in Ajmer is more than three times the population growth (50.1%). Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics has revealed the spatial distribution of the urban sprawl over a period of last 25 years.

Desde que el Análisis Espacial en Arqueología hizo su aparición muchos han sido los investigadores que se lanzaron a nadar en sus aguas turbulentas, así como muchos fueron los trabajos que han sido desarrollados en este ámbito.
La correlación de variables, la caracterización del tipo de distribución, etc. se convirtieron en la finalidad a descubrir, e hicieron de la arqueología una mera cuestión estadística en la que fenomenología del componente material se impuso por encima del componente social en la explicación de la Cultura.
Los SIG han irrumpido en el campo de Arqueología con fuerza y a veces como justificadores de la investigación arqueológica. Lejos de estos planteamientos, creemos que la aplicación de los SIG a la arqueología debe versar en su conceptualización como herramientas de gran potencial al servicio de la explicación y no como finalidad en sí; es decir no sustituir los viejos fantasmas por nuevos hologramas.
La mayoría de las aplicaciones SIG han versado especialmente en la plasmación territorial de determinados fenómenos culturales, desarrollando lo que podríamos llamar: la versión macroespacial.
El proceso investigativo que estamos desarrollando quiere volcar ese potencial al “análisis intrasite” (del yacimiento propiamente dicho y/o de la excavación arqueológica), desarrollando principios metodológicos generalizables (que no universales) y análisis particulares (que no excluyentes), en donde los fenómenos sean descubiertos para provocar con ello la necesidad de la explicación cultural.
Como ejemplo queremos presentar un avance de la aplicación de estos principios a los enterramientos calcolíticos de “El Negrón” (Gilena, Sevilla) que se está llevando a cabo en estos momentos por R. Cruz-Auñón, J.C. Mejías y J.M. Guijo. Se trata de mostrar el procedimiento metodológico para detectar un determinado fenómeno en cuanto a la “distribución anómala” de ciertos items materiales que precisarán posteriormente de una explicación social y cultural.

In all countries of the world, urban management is one of the dynamic forces of the city. Among these, various urban development plans are the most important tools of urban management intervention on behalf of the government. The present article aims to analyze the effects of urban development projects on the destruction of historical-identity sites in Mashhad, the causes of land use change and destruction of valuable historical buildings and structures in Mashhad and evaluation of urban actions and projects in the central part of Mashhad Has been. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In the spatial analysis section, visual interpretation of old aerial photographs and satellite images with a resolution of 0.5 meters has been used. The analytical framework of the research is formed by emphasizing Lefebvre's three concepts of space dimensions, including spatial practice, representational space, especially spatial representation. The results show that the policies and urban plans implemented in the central part of Mashhad have seriously damaged its historical identity. The depopulation representation in this space has not been able to preserve the historical context, even as a single building, and has led to the depopulation and de-functionalization of the historical contexts of Mashhad and the disappearance of the concept of neighborhood in these ancient areas.

Scientists and policymakers intend worldwide emissions reduction of up to 80 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the next four decades to stabilize atmospheric concentrations (TRB 2011). Henceforth, an immediate response from the transportation sector, one of the largest producers of GHGs (up to 30 percent in the U.S.), is critical for GHGs reduction. Possible long-term solutions towards cutting back on emissions from transportation are increasing supply-of/demand-for more energy/fuel efficient vehicles and to substantially improve the transit system (high-speed rail, passenger rail, metro) to reduce reliance on private vehicles and air travel for short trips. However, the markets are still struggling to produce supply-of/demand-for energy efficient vehicles and public debate on potential ridership of high speed rail is ongoing in the U.S. Another feasible strategy that can prove to be effective is emission pricing. Recent advancement in Intelligent ...