Urban Studies

The paper attempts to outline the urban visions and architectural ideas and vocabulary behind the formation of the large urban conglomeration in Japan, South Korea and China, and how the seeds of Western planning theories and architectural design practice have helped shaping and building the contemporary cites along the vast regions of Asia Pacific Region, and frame a local language in envisioning the city of the future.
Reflecting on the contributions from East Asia to the discourse of planning and design a city for the future as promoted by single actors, larger cultural movements and national elites fostering economic ambitions and political agendas of autocratic forces (e.g. from the experimental cities by the Metabolists in Japan, to the more “pragmatic” urban development projects fostered by local and national governments in South Korea and China), the paper tries to explain the key socio-economic factors and engines which have dramatically and radically transformed the skylines of the most dynamic and growing influential area of the world at the dawn of 21st century; it also aims at describe the origins of the various forms and elements of the modern built environments which have been shaped and molded by these same forces, and how/whether these urban forms embodies a true genuine East Asian vision of the city of the future, and what is the current trend in terms of new urban forms and architectural design research at the beginning of 21st century.

Prior research reveals the interrelations between gentrification and policing, yet this paper introduces the unheard perspective of the of police on their role in gentrification. The study focuses on South Tel Aviv, which houses immigrants, drug addicts, prostitution and houselessness. It is undergoing massive urban renewal and has become the most policed area in the city. Methodology includes interviews with police officers (N-15), ethnography with urban police and spatial analysis of urban renewal. The paper argues that: 1. Gentrifying a high-crime neighborhood triggers a collision of urban forces and spatial negotiations amid users, institutions, and areas in the city. 2. Police play a significant role in this process and must operate intensive borderwork on various scales, with technology becoming a tool for internal, microgeographical social borderwork. 3. Policing gentrification raises reflexivity among officers regarding their profession, social obligation and position in urban politics. The paper concludes with the concept of policing temporality to describe the role of police in gentrification.

How can we develop a political critique of urban form at the time of a tall building boom? Pointing to limitations of interpreting towers as representations of finance and power, I introduce an understanding of skylines as phantasmagoria of capitalist culture: a dazzling image that abstracts from the commodified urban landscape by promoting its further commodification. I show that both professionals who argue for and those who argue against the construction of tall office buildings in London approach the city’s ‘new skyline’ as an easily marketable visual reproduction that is defined as a compositional whole: a bounded composition with St Paul’s Cathedral at its centre. I claim that this approach and the widespread idea that commercial skyscrapers ‘destroy’ the historic cityscape assume an element of integrity that is ideological and which itself must be ‘ruined’. My argument for a shift of the ways in which cityscapes are viewed draws on Walter Benjamin’s critical montages and allegories. I explore his reading of ruins as emblems of the fragility and destructiveness of capitalist culture and his understanding of ruination as a form of critique. My argument for ruining the cityscape’s ‘beautiful appearance’ focuses on compositional wholeness and symbolic coherence. In so doing, I provide an interpretation of skylines that sheds light to the ways in which financial capitalism is justified by a specific way of viewing the city and the ways in which it is embedded in texts that are deemed to be socially meaningful.

In this historical phase, cities are intensely crossed by processes and practices of appropriation and re-appropriation of places and life environments. Motivations are at different levels: necessity, political and personal. The fieldwork shows, however, another reason, namely a need for urbanity and quality of urban life. Space is the medium of all these experiences. Places and everyday life have a strong centrality in them. In fact, these experiences find in the texture and spatiality of places their solidification point, their drive and motivation, often their raison d'être, as well as an activator for their passion. A place is a material and significant space, which precipitates the linear chronographic time and turns it into everyday lifetime. The process of self-organization in / with the territory becomes a principle and a process of individuation. Finally, some experiences directly and explicitly pose questions about the modes of production of politics and institutions, thus entering into a broad debate.

An archaeologically grounded history of six legendary places in Detroit.

The city of Detroit has endured periods of unprecedented industrial growth,
decline, and revitalization between the late nineteenth century and the present.

In Detroit Remains: Archaeology and Community Histories of Six Legendary
Places, Krysta Ryzewski presents six archaeological case studies of
legendary Detroit institutions—Little Harry speakeasy, the Ransom Gillis
house, the Blue Bird Inn, Gordon Park, the Grande Ballroom, and the Halleck
Street log cabin—that trace the contours of the city’s underrepresented
communities and their relationship to local currents of capitalism and
social justice. Through a combination of rigorous historical archaeological
research and narrative storytelling, Ryzewski deftly contextualizes the cases within the city’s current struggles, including recovery from bankruptcy, and future-oriented recovery efforts.

Detroit Remains is is the first historical archaeology book focused on Detroit and one of the few to foreground the archaeology of the Great Migration era (ca. 1915–1970). The archaeological scholarship is rooted in collaborative, community-involved, and public-facing initiatives. The case studies examine how power is and has been exercised in Detroit’s communities over the past century: how it was stripped from the city’s twentieth- and twenty-first-century residents, but also how they acquired alternative sources of agency by establishing creative and illicit economies, most of which still operated within the city’s capitalist framework.

Throughout this book, connections run deep between archaeology, heritage, politics, historic preservation, and storytelling. Detroit Remains
demonstrates how the city’s past, present, and future lie not in ruins but
in the tangible archaeological traces of the everyday lives of Detroiters and
their legacies.

Published by University of Alabama Press

This article contains information about the importance of preserving the historical objects as a vital condition of a normal development of historical cities. The main legislative and regulatory documents in the fields of protecting of cultural heritage, preserving the traditional character and reconstructing of the lost objects are mentioned.
The analysis of the legislation of preserving the objects of cultural heritage, the current regulations and practices of their implementation in Ukraine give grounds for considering importance of improving the regulations with the consideration of numerous violations of conditions and restrictions of urban planning of the cities with the status of historical sites.
One of the important topics of the formation of traditional historical character is the re-creation of the lost objects of cultural heritage with the consideration of their role in the city-forming, using as an example the reconstructed in 1999-2010 the Transfiguration Cathedral in Odessa.

Préface d’Augustin Berque
Un siècle de banlieue japonaise apporte une réflexion inédite sur les processus d’urbanisation de l’une des sociétés de consommation les plus avancées de la planète, dans un pays dont la population doit, de surcroît, souvent faire face à des désastres naturels. De la fin du 19e  siècle aux temps présents en passant par la crise de Fukushima, l’histoire de la production de l’espace nippon retracée ici nous permet de saisir l’évolution du rapport des Japonais à l’urbain et à leur milieu.

Dans ce contexte, la formation du tissu urbain banlieusard qui entoure les villes, et notamment la capitale, est un phénomène particulièrement éloquent.
Au Japon, logements publics et sociaux n’allant pas de pair, il est essentiel de saisir les motivations d’une réflexion liée au logement populaire en banlieue. Quelles sont les conséquences foncières, sociales et culturelles de la transformation de l’espace imposée par les politiques planificatrices de la seconde moitié du 20e siècle? Un siècle de banlieue japonaise présente les premières initiatives externalisées dans le domaine du logement, les influences occidentales et les prises de position qui ont donné naissance au processus de création de la banlieue japonaise, ainsi que les grands mouvements d’idées sous-jacents.

Afin d’illustrer les résultats concrets de ces phénomènes, l’auteure examine en profondeur la situation des cités de loge-ments publics japonaises, qui exprime certes la mise en œuvre de la modernité dans l’aménagement spatial, mais entraîne également des réalités socioculturelles difficiles. De la naissance du noyau urbain de Tôkyô aux emprunts à l’Amérique de l’après-guerre, de la vague du bunka à l’apogée de Kôdan (l’organisme public du logement), en passant par l’évolution inexorable d’un village où les traditions disparaissent progressivement, Cécile Asanuma-Brice nous présente la poétique et la politique de l’urbain nippon. Elle nous invite de manière spéculaire à nous interroger sur la production de l’espace urbain occidental.

Table des matières
Remerciements | 11

Préface d’Augustin Berque | 13

Introduction / Au paroxysme de
la société de consommation | 15

PARTIE I / NAISSANCE DE VILLE ET STRUCTURATION DE L’ALENTOUR

De la naissance d’Edo à la formation d’une culture d’habiter propre à la périphérie urbaine | 25

Chapitre 1 / Une organisation urbaine au rythme des plateaux | 27
Chapitre 2 / Le rôle des transports dans l’étalement urbain de Tôkyô | 53
Chapitre 3 / L’ère du Bunka 文化 | 71

PARTIE II / FORMATION D’UN SYSTÈME DE LOGEMENT PUBLIC  ET TRANSFORMATION DU MODE DE VIE EN PÉRIPHÉRIE

Naissance d’une préoccupation publique sur la question du logement social
au Japon | 85

Chapitre 1 / L’émergence de la question du logement ouvrier | 87
Chapitre 2 / Du logement d’entreprise à la ville d’entreprise Shatakugai 社宅街 | 95
Chapitre 3 / Lorsque le logement devient une préoccupation publique | 111

PARTIE III / QUAND LA BANLIEUE PERD SON LIEU

Aux prémices de la métamorphose banlieusarde | 129

Chapitre 1 / L’après-guerre 1945-1955 : mise en place des organismes de production et de gestion des logements pu-blics et évolution du cadre juridique | 131
Chapitre 2 / De la modernité | 143
Chapitre 3 / Les influences américaines | 149

PARTIE IV / L’ORGANISME PUBLIC DU LOGEMENT (KÔDAN JÛTAKU)

Naissance et décadence | 157

Chapitre 1 / 1955, début de la période de haute croissance | 159
Chapitre 2 / À nouvelle forme d’urba-nisme, communautés nouvelles | 167
Chapitre 3 / Les années 1980 : kôdan, apogée et déclin | 179

PARTIE V / VAGABONDAGE PÉRIURBAIN, DU TERRITOIRE
À LA CHOSE CONSTRUITE

Chapitre 1 / La formation de la banlieue fasuto-fûdo (ファスト風土 ) | 195
Chapitre 2 /  L’inadaptation de la ville-objet de consommation au territoire: le séisme de 2011 | 205

Conclusion / Du local au global, quand la domination de l’appareil  organisationnel détruit ceux pour qui il a été mis en place | 215

Annexe / Si la banlieue nous était contée… par ses habitants | 221
Bibliographie | 227
Glossaire | 243
Index des lieux | 247
Sources iconographiques | 249
Crédits | 253

Since the 1990s, governments have increasingly employed PPPs for the revitalization of subsidised housing stock and the creation of mixed-income neighbourhoods. These PPPs typically involve private-sector partners taking on the responsibility for replacing, maintaining, and operating subsidised housing for a number of decades before transferring the housing back to the public sector. Governments pay the private sector firm for the maintenance and operation of the housing units over the course of the agreement. While there is always the risk that the cost of replacing, maintaining, or operating the subsidised housing may exceed projections, there is little to no demand risk in such partnerships for either party. In Toronto, however, the success of its subsidised housing revitalization is dependent on market forces, as the sale of condos or land owned by the city's subsidised housing provider provide much of the capital needed for revitalization. This paper examines how well Toronto’s market-oriented subsidised housing PPPs address demand risk and protect the communities undergoing revitalization.

This working paper examines the concept of metabolism and its potential as a critical analytical lens to study the contemporary city from a political perspective. The paper illustrates how the metabolism concept has been used historically, both as a metaphor to describe the technological, social, political and economic dimensions of human-environment relations, and as a concrete analytical tool to quantify and better understand how flows of matter and energy shape the territorial and spatial configurations of cityscapes. Drawing on the example of the urban water metabolism of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), the paper shows how the metabolism concept can be applied to study the politics of water in the city.

Social fragmentation of urban life is a common and growing process in most Latin American big cities. In spite of the strong link between urban studies and youth studies, the relationship between contemporary processes of socio‐spatial fragmentation and the youth experience of the city remains still today under‐explored. This chapter examines the complex relationship between space, class and gender inequalities, and how they interrelate to shape young people’s urban experience and sociability. The expansion of residential segregation, gated communities, new public spaces, insecurity and fears, among
other contemporary urban features, have a strong impact in young people's urban life, which is mediated by the class and gender conditions. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, interviews and focus groups with privileged and disadvantaged youth in Mexico City, the analysis focuses in two main issues: on the one hand, the processes of "unequal inclusion" and "reciprocal exclusion" in the city, and, on the other hand, the patterns of urban social interaction based on mutual stigmatization and lack of social recognition.

This paper deals with contemporary discourse regarding urban revival, elaborating the Educational Campus as a paradigm for global innovation. The objective is to examine the significance and capacity of education and its spatial articulation for social incubation and overall urban development. Furthermore through case of the city of Nis it was demonstrated the possibilities for connecting capacities and priorities in order to build a theoretical ‘platform’ for systematic urban design package in respect to the local resource. The new needed identity for the city of Nis in the time of transition from former industrial into the modern competitive city, can take many forms. Here was argued that, while there is the absence of a formal response to neoliberal governance regarding the strategic urban development, new Educational Campus paradigm might be solution for urban revival. This paper has examined possibilities of formation of the University Campus within the city core as a plausible...

Infrastructural practices, made by the manipulations of pumps, pipes and hydraulic expertise, play a critical role in managing urban populations. Drawing on two years of ethnographic research in Mumbai, in this article I show how Muslim settlers in a northern suburb are being rendered abject residents of the city. Abjection isn’t not a lack of social and political entitlements, but a denial of them. As Muslim settlers are being pushed down to claim less desirable water through the deliberate inaction of city engineers and technocrats, this article shows the iterative process through which abjection is made through tenuous and contentious infrastructural connections between the government and the governed.

Ochocientas casitas unifamiliares de planta baja en la orilla del río Besós, cada una de un color diferente, comprimidas entre una zona industrial semiabandonada y la nueva Barcelona del AVE y del Fòrum. En este lugar de márgen, desconocido y estigmatizado, grupos de migrantes y autóctonos lucharon juntos para crear un paisaje humano excepcionalmente denso y rebelde: un barrio anticlerical y anarcosindicalista, en el cual la resistencia duró ochenta años, donde buscaron amparo Buenaventura Durruti, Quico Sabater y un sinfin de excluidos e indeseados de todos los sitios y de todas las épocas.

Mientras las excavadoras del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona avanzan en el derribo de esta ciudad horizontal, un grupo de habitantes retoma la histórica tradición de lucha del barrio para oponerse al nuevo urbanismo de bloques de pisos, reivindicando la importancia de sus calles, de sus estilos de vida, y de la convivencialidad que permitía la forma urbana de qué se habían apropiado.

Este trabajo es el resultado de una implicación a la vez etnográfica, política y humana con el barrio de Bon Pastor durante los años del derribo (2002-2012), para desvelar la profundidad del trauma que representa la desaparición progresiva de un barrio, con sus memorias de autogestión y autonomía, con su vida cotidiana basada en la proximidad, con sus fiestas que servían para resolver conflictos, y de sus conflictos que creaban comunidad.

As cities compete globally, the Smart City has been touted as the important new strategic driver for regeneration and growth. Smart Cities are employing information and communication technologies in the quest for sustainable economic development and the fostering of new forms of collective life. This has made the Smart City an essential focus for engineers, architects, urban designers, urban planners, and politicians, as well as businesses such as CISCO, IBM and Siemens. Despite its broad appeal, few comprehensive books have been devoted to the subject so far, and even fewer have tried to relate it to cultural issues and to assume a truly critical stance by trying to decipher its consequences on urban space and experience. This cultural and critical lens is all the more important as the Smart City is as much an ideal permeated by utopian beliefs as a concrete process of urban transformation. This ideal possesses a strong self-fulfilling character: our cities will become Smart because we want them to.

The books opens with an examination of the technological reality on which Smart Cities are built, from the chips and sensors that enable us to monitor what happens within the infrastructure to the smart phones that connect individuals. Through these technologies, the urban space appears as activated, almost sentient. This activation generates two contrasting visions: on the one hand, a neo-cybernetic ambition to steer the city in the most efficient way; and on the other, a more bottom-up, participative approach in which empowered individuals invent new modes of cooperation. A thorough analysis of these two trends reveal them to be complementary. The Smart City of the near future will result from their mutual adjustment. In this process, urban space plays a decisive role. Smart Cities are contemporary with a ‘spatial turn’ of the digital. Based on key technological developments like geo-localisation and augmented reality, the rising importance of space explains the strategic role of mapping in the evolution of the urban experience. Throughout this exploration of some of the key dimensions of the Smart City, the book constantly moves from the technological to the spatial as well as from a critical assessment of existing experiments to speculations on the rise of a new form of collective intelligence. In the future, cities will become smarter in a much more literal way than what is often currently assumed.

In the face of a housing crisis rooted in commodification, there is growing alignment within both activist and scholarly circles over the need to reverse this trend and move toward decommodification. There is work left to be done, however, in conceptualizing how to get there. Housing and tenant groups challenge the logic of extraction through their day-to-day struggles in privately-held rental housing. The policy priorities of this movement are rooted in housing justice. By giving tenants more power over where they live through rent regulation, eviction protections, robust code enforcement, and other forms of legal recourse, these policies make real estate speculation less profitable. In parallel, there is a growing call for social housing conversions through both public takings and private land and property acquisition to realize a vision of housing that prioritizes decommodification, deep affordability, and democratic management. But how do these visions of housing decommodification relate to one another? In our forthcoming project Pathways to Social Housing in New York, we draw out connections between these different strategies, outlining a broad collection of policies that together can present a road to housing decommodification, both within our state and elsewhere around the country. In particular, we argue that to decommodify urban property, we need to fight not only for policy and funding which transfers land and housing to social ownership, but also for policies that make extractive and predatory housing models less viable and organizing more feasible. We need a strategy that incorporates both social housing and housing justice.

The essay concentrates on the Martyrdom of Polycarp, a script largely believed to contain the earliest extant occurrences of a Christian technical martyrdom vocabulary. On the one hand, we will lay bare the distinctively urban character of this death performance by showing how and to what extent all the components of the martyrdom apparatus relate to the city as socio-spatial condition of production and consumption, textualisation and memorialisation of an ‘urban religious event’. On the other, we will look at how the text manages to turn a Roman death spectacle into a Christian propaganda event by hijacking practices and re-routing sequences of a public urban show. For both purposes, the critical conceptual toolkit will be provided by the most quintessentially urban among the 20th-century artistic-cum-political avant-gardes: the Situationists.

The goal of this unit is to build into the mindset of the students a sociocultural and anthropological understanding of space and place. The key method that this unit aims to provide the students with centers around the notion of empathy in understanding the needs of users, which, in this case, is not just the immediate clients or users of the space proposed for them but also the communities and polity surrounding it. The emphasis of this unit is on the “urban solutions.” In order to achieve this empathy, students will engage in qualitative research methods such as participant observation, open-ended interviews, and analogous and inquisitive participation. In this unit, we will be looking at a real project that is in the centre of public and media attention. Students will think about how this complex community of people are living, selling, maneuvering kinship and business practices through space and time. It is crucial to understand the context, the people and the culture; as there is a real need for design that integrates all of the above. This unit will give the students the training in the methods by which they can systematically collect ‘thick social data’ to
integrate into this urban design lab.

Based on the author's artistic research on migration, contemporary urban experience, and sonic alienation, The Nomadic Listener is composed of a series of texts stemming from psychogeographic explorations of contemporary cities, including Copenhagen, Berlin, Kolkata, Vienna, Delhi, Hong Kong, Mumbai, and New York, among others.
Each text is an act of listening, where the author records his surrounding environment and attunes to the sonic fluctuations of movement and the passing of events. What surfaces is a collection of meditations on the occurrences of life movingly interwoven with memories, associations, desires, and reflections. Readers are brought into a tender map of contemporary urban experience and the often lonely, surprising, and random interactions found in traveling. The Nomadic Listener includes parallel drawings based on the original audio recordings and appears as ghostly renderings of the corresponding experiences. The recordings are published by Gruenrekorder and accessed through a QR code in the book.

Abstract:  This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

Whoredom in the Wild West has created a plethora of pseudo-historical “memorabilia”, artifacts that have become part of popular culture. Brothel tokens are part and parcel of the “Wild West” image portrayed by the media and western novels. Strong sexual economies were prevalent in most western towns due to their unusually high male population ratios and are always present in mediums that portray western American life including reenacted historical western American towns such as Tombstone, Arizona.

l progetto persegue la costituzione di un sistema di collegamenti tra centro storico e fascia costiera, mirando all’integrazione dei diversi comparti che rappresentano la molteplice e mutevole realtà della città e del suo intorno. Centro storico, periferia, strutture portuali, insediamenti per il turismo, aree di interesse naturalistico: l’infrastruttura fornisce l’occasione per riappropriarsi del valore dei luoghi ed offrirlo a cittadini e a visitatori esterni.

The analysis of territorial phenomena usually bypasses the role of local political entities as crucial decision-makers and market regulators, focusing instead on the role of developers and housing preferences of home-buyers. In contrast, this article suggests that local administrative units are crucial agents in defining and shaping the processes of urban development at a larger scale. In this article It is argued that, when a given local government is allowed to subsist mainly on local taxation, a fiscal crisis of local government units is a determinant factor of urban growth, as each administration tries to fuel up urban expansion, in the hopes of boosting the local tax base. By employing a multi-method approach, we have ascertained that other characteristics traditionally associated with urban sprawling were not present in the area of Milan, so it has been identified as a least likely case to experience urban dispersion. In this context, we concentrate mainly on the Groane Regional Park. The aim of article is to re--‐focus on the local administrations as powerful agents that shape metropolitan scale urban development.

In un film dell'inizio degli anni novanta, Giuseppe Tornatore racconta il viaggio di un padre che dalla Sicilia si sposta verso le grandi città italiane per visitare i suoi cinque figli ormai adulti. Nonostante venga a conoscenza di condizioni famigliari assai problematiche, al suo ritorno si ostina a mentire agli altri e a se stesso affermando che " Stanno tutti bene ". Un viaggio nelle città e nei territori italiani contemporanei osservati con la lente dello " stare bene " , inteso come welfare e wellbeing, ci porterebbe oggi a sostenere un'analoga menzogna. Infatti, le condizioni di salubrità, comfort e sicurezza che le nostre città sono oggi in grado di garantire ai propri abitanti non sempre raggiungono livelli che possiamo considerare ragionevoli e anzi, sovente, sono da considerare pericolosi, dannosi e forieri di situazioni di ingiustizia. Per affrontare il rapporto tra malessere urbano e ingiustizia spaziale, il testo che segue dopo una riflessione generale sui paradossi della salubrità in città, articolerà una riflessione su alcuni temi dei quali il progetto urbanistico, con l'obiettivo di garantire maggiore welfare e wellbeing, dovrebbe farsi carico: accessibilità, mobilità, sicurezza e comfort saranno le principali categorie indagate.

This descriptive-analytical study attempted to investigate the quality of life in urban areas of Iran. Sonqor City of Kermanshah Province was selected as a case. Field and documentary data collection methods were used. To collect the field data, researcher-designed questionnaires were used, of which the validity was confirmed by expert judgment and the reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha (0.893). The population comprised all the residents of Sonqor City (n=46181). Using Cochran formula, 382 individuals were selected as sample and questionnaires were randomly distributed among them. Results demonstrated that among the 9 aspects of quality of life investigated in Sonqor City, satisfaction with the three aspects of housing, transportation and education, which have coefficients of variation of 0.319, 0.331, and 0.412 respectively, are the most important aspects. Moreover, general results of quality of life of Sonqor residents revealed that 75 percent of the respondents had ...

This thesis is a study of Tottenham High Road, and how the urban blocks which comprise its depth are composed. Depth has a number of components: architecture, space and time; depth is the armature in which people live their social lives, and the place where local cultures emerge. The conception of depth offers a way of capturing urban life in its richness and its reciprocities. The literature about high streets offers few detailed analyses of their spatial and psycho-social ordering and this thesis seeks to fill that gap. The approach is a hermeneutics of praxis, using ethnographic methods, in-depth interviews, and situating the information spatially using architectural drawing techniques. It offers a novel method of investigating and understanding the structures and processes which make up the high streets and which, in aggregate, make the whole city. Tottenham High Road is used here as a case study, a vehicle through which to interpret evidence about the existence and nature of depth, with its manifold structures. Understanding depth is vital to understanding high streets, so this thesis allows a deeper and richer interpretation of high streets than has previously been possible.
There is a problem in planning orthodoxy around high streets, typified in Tottenham: the richness of depth is flattened and codified, in order to frame swathes of city as sites from which to reap economic reward. In fact, depth contains all of human life, and understanding it, therefore, is an ethical responsibility for planning. Depth has a number of characteristics, ordered by different processes and forces. Firstly, physical order, shaped by both economic and social forces. For example, the most public uses are found in the 'shallowest' parts of depth, and these are the most valuable sites because they command the greatest passing trade. Secondly, depth has a social order, through playing out of place ballet by people as they live their lives. The social order operates interdependently and reciprocally with the physical order of depth. Commitment between people and places (citizenship) results in special place cultures, which are hosted in depth. Depth has variation in the scope of decorum from the outer edge of the block to the centre: more things are possible inside the block than at its edge. 
The insights about depth in this thesis are relevant to many areas of life: to planning, to politics and to existing theory, because depth provides an account for the ethical order in which other areas of human life take place. With an understanding of depth it is possible to evaluate planning proposals, efforts at ensuring political participation, to shed light on existing theories such as Cosmopolitanism, and to add a valuable layer of information about the real structures of London to the existing literature.

"Since its very inception, social work has been considered an organizationally based profession, with the majority of its workforce employed within formal organizations. Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the practical realities of human service organizations are a central element of professional social work. This book explores the climate and culture of these agencies and provides essential information for surviving and thriving in this setting. It prepares students for their future careers so that they will feel empowered in their work and be able to fulfill their responsibilities toward organizational, community, and social change. Using real-life examples, the authors examine the internal structures of management, financing, and supervision and discuss common conflicts between agencies and professionals. The book’s straightforward tone and practical advice make it an asset to anyone entering human service organizations.

This new edition contains updated examples, case studies, and references. It also contains valuable information on the effects of the recent financial crisis on human service organizations. Agencies now face increased caseloads and more complex social problems with fewer resources and less money. Understanding how these events have changed the nature of human service organizations will allow students to be better prepared for the work ahead of them.

Features

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Expanded content on the practical aspects of organizational theory and suggestions for developing leadership skills
•
Updated examples, case studies, and references throughout the book
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Key points and discussion questions following each chapter
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Updated instructor’s manual available online as a PDF or Word document"