Vernacular Architecture

Dans Les ibadites. Mode de vie, organisation et patrimoine d’une minorité musulmane dans le Maghreb en ébullition, dossier central de la revue Horizons Maghrébins, 76, 2017, p. 151-160.  Photographies : Axel Derriks.
Cet article compare l’état de conservation de quarante mosquées ibadites de l’île de Djerba entre 2002 et 2016. Quatorze mosquées ont été entièrement préservées, cinq ont été modérément endommagées, onze ont été complètement défigurées, notamment par l’ajout d’un haut minaret étranger à l’architecture locale. Dix mosquées ont été victimes de dégradations volontaires, qu’il s’agisse de pillage, de chasse au trésor, de profanation ou de confiscation arbitraire du lieu de culte par des groupes extrémistes.

Al-‘Ula is a small town northwest of Saudi Arabia, extremely rich in nature, history, and traditional architecture. The breathtaking views of rock formations, sand dunes, and palm tree oases around al-‘Ula have been essential parts of its history and built environment. Along with Mada’in Saleh, a UNESCO world heritage site in close proximity to Al-‘Ula, there are ruins of ancient kingdoms such as Dedan, Lihyan, Ma’in, and the Nabatean in addition to remains dating back to early Islamic eras and modern history. Although these ruins are sufficient enough to signify the historic, geographic, and natural importance of al-‘Ula, the town’s organic urban fabric exhibited in the narrow zigzagged alleys adds more fascination and mystery to it and its cultural background.Though al-‘Ula was deserted more than 40 years ago, its street network, gates, and buildings are still intact. Strolling through the zigzagged dark alleys sided by half-stone-half mud buildings is a unique experience that only exists in al-‘Ula. This book unearths the history, nature, and architecture of al-‘Ula, and will be of interest to people in the fields of urban history, architecture, sociology, anthropology, and Saudi heritage.

Globalization whose effects constantly increase all over the world causes not only mono-typed, similar-looking cities but also forces rural areas to get integrated with the urban centers in their surroundings. The first steps in the blurring of the sharp distinction between rural and urban areas can be counted as the weakening of the earthbound production and the migration from rural areas to cities driven by the impacts of Industrial Revolution. Neoliberal policies which are later in 21st century named as the “global crisis” show that urbanization plays an important role in the process of absorbing surplus capital and this occurs in a more growing geographical scale. Turkey is a country, too, which is influenced by this process which the global world has been exposed to. However, these effects has recently become more accelerated and won a more complicated dimension due to the latest legislative regulations such as Act on Disaster Prevention (no. 6306) and Act on Integration of Loc...

In molti contesti preistorici e protostorici italiani sono largamente rinvenuti resti strutturali in terra e conglomerati architettonici combusti o parzialmente cementati. La loro caratterizzazione tecnologica è un passo importante per ottenere dati rigurdanti la paleoeconomia,  lo sfruttamento delle risorse e l’esistenza di tradizioni costruttive su scala locale o regionale. L’integrazione al protocollo di analisi tecnologica di osservazioni effettuate ad occhio nudo o con microscopio ottico su sezioni levigate può aiutare ad una migliore comprensione dei resti in una fase intermedia dello studio, successiva alla loro caratterizzazione morfologica ed al riconoscimento di classi di impasto, ma preliminare all’approfondimento dello studio per mezzo di analisi specialistiche. La realizzazione su alcuni campioni di una sezione rettificata e polita (sezione levigata) permette infatti di descrivere con maggiore completezza l’organizzazione e la natura dei componenti, nonché le alterazioni subite dal materiale, ad esempio in caso di esposizione al calore. Si tratta dunque di associare le caratteristiche osservate ai meccanismi di deformazione della materia e a gesti specifici, che una volta messi in sequenza potranno permettere di ricostruire materie prime utilizzate, tecniche e catene operative. Qualche osservazione rilevante può riguardare anche le dinamiche di funzionamento delle strutture o il loro ingresso nel record archeologico. Sono qua presentati alcuni casi studio e chiavi di lettura preliminari, da completare ed affinare con l’avanzamento delle ricerche. Le prime applicazioni di tale tecnica hanno fornito risultati incoraggianti, soprattutto per il rapporto positivo tra massa di dati prodotta e costo finanziario ridotto.

Alice Davis Hitchcock Award for 1992, Society of Architectural Historians.
Most Outstanding Book in Architecture and Urban Planning, Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division, Association of American Publishers, Inc., 1991.
International Architecture Book Award, American Institute of Architects, 1992: "This is magisterial history with a grand sweep, an eye for detail and a determination not to simplify.  If Modern architecture in Italy over five generations was complex, paradoxical and full of counter-tendencies in any one architect, then these are lovingly pulled apart and exposed.""

21. yüzyılın hızlı yaşam döngüsü içinde kimi değerler yitirilirken, kimileri yeniden yaşama katılmakta, keşfedilmektedir. Anadolu’nun derin tarihi içinde yeniden keşfedilen değerlerden birisi de “köy” yaşamı olmaktadır. Belki hiç yitirilmemiş olan köy ve köye ilişkin değerler, bugün yeniden anlamlandırılmakta, değer kazanmakta ve sahip olduğu yere kavuşmaktadır. Toplumsal yaşamın dinamikleri içinde kendiliğinden gelişen bu hareketlilik, bilinçli yaklaşımlarla desteklenerek, toplum, kent ve ülke yaşamı için bir kazanım olabilmektedir.

Bu bağlamda, köye ait değerler, planlama ve mimarlık disiplini içinde yeniden yorumlandığında, önemli potansiyeller içerdiği görülmektedir. Küresel dünyanın gelecek nesilleri gözeterek yapılandırdığı sürdürülebilirlik kavramı bu anlamda önemli bir yaşam felsefesi ve kültürünü amaçlamaktadır. Gerek kerpiç malzeme, gerek mekan organizasyonu, gerek kentsel tasarım disiplinleri ve yapı teknolojileri bağlamında, önemli birikimlere sahip olan köylerin, üzerinde çalışılmayı hak eden bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareket ederek, izleyeceğiniz “köy sergisi”, geleceğe dönük önemli açılımlar içeren bir çalışmanın ilk ayağını oluşturması nedeniyle önemli olmaktadır.

Proje Ekibi  Doç.Dr. Mustafa Özgünler, Doç.Dr. Seden Acun Özgünler, Yard.Doç.Dr. Tolga Sayın, Uzman Ergün Şimşek, Uzman Doğukan Erdoğan, Uzman Şiar Umut Yıldırım, Taybuğa Aybars Mamalı  Çalışmaya Katılan Öğrenciler  Ezgi Polat, Hazel Kazkayası, Ayşegül Özdek, Deniz Kızık, Fırat Kaya, Kadir Yesir, Seda Kireççi, Hülya Şeh, Ayşe Başkonuş, Bekir Emre Ateş, Mehmet Ashi, Ece, Gökçen Köse, Selin Aktürk, Bersu Çelik, Cansu Yılmaz, Gizem Kınsız, Büşra Uysal, Arıkan Özden, Demet Öksüz  MSGSÜ  Yapı Uygulama ve  Araştırma Merkezi, MSGSÜ  Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR CONSERVATION OF ABANDONED RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN TURKEY: CASE STUDY OF ODEMIS-LUBBEY VILLAGE
Following the industrial revolution, abandonment and decrease of the population in rural areas are common problems that could be seen all over the world, as a result of various factors. However, many of these abandoned rural settlements have invaluable vernacular assets that bear the traces of past rural life and comprise the spirit of these cultural landscape areas. The de-populization process leads to neglection, gradually deterioration and finally destruction of traditional environment that has been built with the experiences of centuries. Traditional rural settlements whose vulnerabilities increase day by day, reflect the life, architectural approach, building technology, construction techniques, craftsmanship and landscape features of their period and requires a holistic view for its protection. The loss of human life, which is the main element with nature that comprises the rural settlements, not only causes the loss of cultural heritage but also affects natural life, agricultural landscape and bio-diversity negatively. After abandonment rural landscape started to desertificate in short term and become vulnerable against the natural disasters.
Transfering life, culture and architectural fabric of rural settlements to the future generations is critical for the history of humanity. Although there are several recommendations regarding the management and protection of the rural areas in Turkey and in the World, there is a lack of specialized method for the conservation of cultural and natural heritage of abandoned rural settlements with many location-specific issues. Starting from this findings “Rural Architecture, Policies Developed for Rural Areas In Turkey and Europe, Evolution in the Conservation Theory of Rural Heritage”, “Abandonment Reasons and Process in Rural Settlemens, Impacts of Abandonment” and “Re-Evaluation Possibilities of Rural Settlements” chapters were discussed in detail and a conservation model, which can be used on a global scale, developed for the conservation of abandoned rural settlements. It is believed the conservation model can be used in future scientific studies about the conservation of rural settlements and can be developed by the inter-disciplinary contributions.
While first practices about the conservation of rural architecture, which was emerged as moving rural buildings from authenthic locations to an open-air museum, can been understandable by its time, nowadays it can’t be considered as a conservation approach except extraordinary situations.
It can be observed that, traditional rural life has been gradually weakened in settlements, where intense tourism activities carried out and problems like de-populization or abandonment can’t be seen. Not only in some cases that rural settlements have been re-functioned as a museum but also in some touristic uses, a sustainable life can’t always be ensured, therefore several challenges can be encountered in conservation of cultural properties. Tourism, which is used as a toolin developing the life standards and preventing the population loss in rural areas, sometimes creates an intense demand to a specific region and causes withdrawal of local communities from traditional rural life.
In some cases, rural settlements, which have been evacuated because of conflicts, wars, security problems, etc., have been resettled with their former residents after changes in conditions. Altough resettlements start the life in rural environments again, in some cases conservation of cultural heritage isn’t on the agenda and after the resettlement, residents prefer to build new buildings with new materials instead of repairing their traditional buildings. Another option for resettlement of the abandoned rural settlements can be seen in some examples. In this cases new rural residents coming by counter migration from urban centres to countryside start to live in an abandoned rural settlement. However restart of life in an abandoned village by this type of migration can be considered positive, there are some negative impacts like big interventions in restoration of cultural heritage, completely abandonment of traditional rural life, social disharmony between new and old residents, and etc. It can be said all three of museological, tourism and resettlement approaches for re-evaluation of abandoned rural settlements can be implement together or independently. On the other hand it shouldn’t be overlooked that all this approaches are a tool for conservation and vitality of rural settlements. Fragility of the traditional fabric because of long term neglection after abandonment, cultural landscape values, bio-diversity and intangible values should be taken into consideration in the implementation of this re- use alternatives.
As a result of all the researches, analysis and evaluations, the conservation model has been based on five main parts as “Definition of cultural and natural values and importance of the settlement”, “Determination of the re-evaluation alternatives”, “Determination of conservation policies”, “Implementation” and “Monitoring, evaluation and update”.
As a result of implemented policies and radical changes in social life, nowadays large number of rural settlements in Turkey are in the process of abandonment. Certainly, the biggest problem encountered in conservation of rural heritage is the loss of daily life in rural settlements. Although rural heritage in depopulated settlements have melted against the natural conditions by time, some settlements succeed to preserve their authenticity and integrity to a certain extent. On the other hand in some villages, which are more crowded and close to the city centers, authenticity and integrity values of traditional architectural heritage has been destroyed by human beings as a result of new construction pressures. This situation accompanies a big dilemma about conservation of traditional architectural heritage. Conceptual background about conservation of rural heritage has been developed relatively late in Turkey compared to Europe. Therefore Turkey faces different problems in rural areas then other European countries. It can be said that, successful implementations about conservation of rural heritage and preventing depopulation in rural areas in other countries, can be a model for Turkey. However, these successful policies and implementations should be evaluated in line with Turkey’s specific conditions. Based on this analysis, recommendations and evaluations specified to abandoned rural settlements in Turkey have been carried out in the conclusion part of thesis.

The basic building materials, which can easily be reached, used for the construction of
buildings have been natural materials since the first house built by humans to shelter in the
world. Among this materials soil is the most commonly used. Adobe architectural heritage
that has been formed with soil has been used for many different and various building
cultures in all around the world for many centuries, nowadays has been lost day by day.
The number of researches have been increased in the world about conservation of adobe
architectural heritage and contemporary usage opportunities as a sustainable material by
reinforcing weak properties of the material caused by its nature. Traditional architectural
heritage of Anatolia has been disappearing each passing day due to lack of awareness
about conservation and mostly abandonment of buildings in small towns and rural areas.
It is known that continuous maintenance is required for traditional buildings constructed
with natural materials as stone, wood or earth, like living organisms. As if it hasn’t been
done, the process has been resulted neglection and becoming a ruin of cultural properties.
Deterioration mechanisms that affect natural building materials in traditional architecture
are similar for adobe architecture, but effects faster than the other buildings. This paper
aims to provide analysis about development process of adobe architecture in Anatolia that
used for many centuries as in the world, forms of production and usage, and current
conservation problems.

This booklet is an illustrated compilation of good practices and technical provisions with regard to sustainability, durability and resilience, identified within local building cultures of zones exposed to various constraints and types of natural hazards. Presented practices and technical solutions refer to ways of building, construction systems and devices, coping strategies and community practices identified by some members of the CRAterre team over several years and during projects in different countries. This document has been prepared by CRAterre, IFRC and Caritas France as part of a set of tools developed within the framework of a working group within the Global Shelter Cluster to enhance the appreciation of local practices developed by communities to adapt their housing / settlements to their specific environment, including risk preparedness. This booklet is a complementary tool to the handbook Assessing local building cultures for resilience and development. A practical guid...

本文耙梳陳其寬先生自1950年代中後期至1960年代初在東海校園設計之住宿設施中呈現的地域性轉變，並指出其中可能源自臺灣傳統民居「空間觀念」以及根植於特定社會關係中的「使用行為、生活模式」之帶有地域性表徵的空間語言。

This article analyzes Chen Chi-kwan's early designs of various housing accommodations at Tunghai University. A noticeable transformation exemplified in these designs demonstrates Chen's interest in Taiwanese vernacular architecture. Traditional spatial symbolism, hierarchical thinking, and ways of living have possibly inspired Chen's designs.

This article gives a description of the typical features of construction experience and the system of heating for the indigenous people of the Chukotka Administrative District, Russia. Construction and dimensional-spatial characteristics of portable framework structures-yarangas-are described. Attention is given to the organization of the indoor space of the dwelling and traditional use of the space. The article describes the principles of heating and creating favourable climatic conditions inside the dwelling. The author gives the results of laboratory tests of the thermal shield resistance of insulation walling of a yaranga and the results of experimental studies on the indoor temperature of the air in the conditions of normal use of the structure. Experimental laboratory and field studies permitted the calculation of the theoretical thermal-technical model of a yaranga and determine the heat loss by the indoor and outdoor insulating structures. Based on the experimental data received, a theoretical calculation of heat losses of the structure is performed that proves the energy effectiveness of the two-step system of heating of a yaranga, suggesting using a similar scheme in the practice of designing modern residential settlements of the Far North.

ABSTRACT: A vigorous nomination of properties representing vernacular and recent heritage for listing as World Heritage Sites has been motivated by the finding of the under-representativity of the previous two pat-terns on the World Heritage List, WHL. The projects that Hassan Fathy designed in Egypt, particularly New Gourna Village, are significant examples of the previous two patterns that enjoy exceptional heritage qualities. One of the major aspects that contribute to New Gourna’s exceptional heritage qualities is the humane consid-erations in Hassan Fathy’s design. Nevertheless, none of the projects that Hassan Fathy designed has been in-scribed as a World Heritage Site, WHS. The main aim of this study was to discuss the contribution of Hassan Fathy’s humane considerations in design to the outstanding significance of New Gourna. This study also aimed at discussing the potential criteria that can be adopted to justify New Gourna’s Outstanding Universal Value on the basis of the humane considerations in its design. The previous aims were achieved by means of a thorough exploration of the humane considerations in Hassan Fathy’s design of New Gourna. The findings re-vealed the significant contribution of Hassan Fathy’s humane considerations in the design of New Gourna to its outstanding universal significance. The study recommends adopting the World Heritage Centre’s criterion (i) to justify New Gourna’s Outstanding Universal Value, OUV, on the basis of the humane considerations in its design.

A village generally grows and develops according to its character and its potential of environment and culture. The characteristics of wetlands and swamps illustrated by typo morphology of settlements, buildings, and environments are the manifestations of the uniqueness of the water villages in the city of Banjarmasin. Mantuil water village located on a delta in Bromo Island, Banjarmasin City, is a village that is entirely on the water. Access and circulation to this village can only be achieved through water transportation. Water-based local wisdom is a potential for mitigation and resilience of settlements which must be maintained. This vernacularism research uses a realism paradigm with a qualitative approach; a research with a basis of trust in real data and accountable sources. The findings of this study are the concept of vernacularism in Mantuil water village drawn from the components of the riverfront architecture and its relationship to the function and meaning of the river...

Taylor & Francis takes seriously its contribution to protecting our environment. In addition to all paper used in our journals being FSC-certified, this journal has gone plastic-free and no longer uses plastic cover lamination or polywrap for mailing.

On the Beginnings of the Interest in Vernacular Architecture in the Boskovice Area. A Memorial of the 100th Anniversary of František Lipka´s Death Several researchers, who collected the expressions of oral folk literature, worked in the Boskovice area in the second half of the 19th century. Other parts of traditional rural life drew attention only from the late 19th century. At that time, the pharmacist František Lipka worked in the region, who took a crucial part in the photo and drawing documentation of vernacular architecture. His expert articles and photos taken in the countryside are the principal start-point for the future research into vernacular architecture in the Boskovice area.

The building change among the Upper Amazonian Secoya reveals the limits of expectations that are commonly held regarding sustainable building in traditional environments. This paper gives these expectations the name "the architecturally noble savage," supporting the argument that this is a myth, in the sense of a narrative that is often repeated in architecture writing and practice. The paper contests six particular propositions of this myth: immutability, naturalness, productiveness, infallibility, nostalgia and absoluteness. It ends with an appeal to go beyond the polarized construction between natural (sustainable) and industrial (unsustainable). If an inherently unsustainable solution such as a tin roofing corrugated sheet can have a sustainable side as the Secoya case shows, then traditional sustainable buildings are not after all special objects, because any building could in the end be sustainable given the right circumstances.

This essay is a review of the presently understood archaeological record of vernacular (i.e., traditional, locally inspired, domestic) architecture of the southern Levant and its northern fringes, from the beginning of a Late Chalcolithic – EB 1 transition (dated ca 3800 BC – ca 3500 BC) through the end of EB 1 (ca 3500 BC – 3000 BC). It attempts to define and trace various traditions of house construction over this rather lengthy period and place them within their chrono-cultural contexts. It is hoped that by presenting this varied and relatively rich base of data, it will allow scholars to better understand developments during these ca eight centuries of human activity in the region. Vernacular architecture is one of a number of parameters by which it is possible to measure the nature and degree of social change that occurred sometime late in a period that saw the onset of the first hierarchical, complex societies in the region.

A partir de 1998 los coordinadores del presente libro iniciaron recorridos por todo el estado para identificar la arquitectura tradicional de origen popular, en donde según la perspectiva del momento, su reconocimiento ayudaría a entender lo que habría ocurrido en el siglo XVIII, época en que se situaba el objeto de es-tudio de nuestras respectivas tesis de doctorado. Lo primero que se intentó fue una catalogación de lo encon-trado, su localización geográfica y una clasificación de tecnologías. Pero en el transcurso de estos recorridos e intentos de organiza-ción, iban surgiendo muchas preguntas; algunas las podíamos con-testar con nuevos hallazgos, pero otras permanecían sin respuesta. Entre los temas que nos planteamos para el presente libro desta-can: los esquemas, las soluciones, las técnicas, el lenguaje formal, etcétera, así como la interrogante ¿pueden explicarse más por fac-tores naturales o por cuestiones culturales? Esta nos llevó a plan-tear en un proyecto del Programa de Mejoramiento del Profesora-do de la Subsecretaria de Educación Superior la posibilidad de rea-lizar alguna estancia académica que nos permitiera dar respuesta. Las visitas se realizaron y se tomó nota de los aspectos ob-servados, se discutieron reportes y conclusiones. En 2008 se plan-teó la posibilidad de que los reportes y otros trabajos se conjunta-ran en un libro que recogiera estos resultados y los de otros estu

The informal dwelling could be considered a cultural universal in its global replication as immediate shelter prompted by modernism and modernisation. Simultaneously, one could argue that such buildings are of vernacular construction, most being assembled of found materials in a manner which satisfies the various definitions of vernacular architecture. Interrogating the interface between the informal dwelling and traditional or vernacular accommodation could assist in disentangling the position of the informal dwelling. Furthermore, this understanding could provide insight into appropriate methods of addressing the informal housing issue.

This article presents preliminary thoughts in which the archetypal Zulu dwelling or iQhugwane is used as a control against informal dwellings or imiJondolo constructed on urban peripheries in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Using spatial anthropology and architectural analysis, comparative linkages between the traditional and the contemporary could aid in positioning the informal dwelling as an architectural vernacular, and suggest a prognosis as to its architectural and cultural sustainability.

This review analyzes two main aspects of the vernacular architecture of Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups in Thailand based on the Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World. The emphasis is on theories and principles so as to make comparisons and conclusions. Relevant documents on vernacular architecture of Austro-Asiatic groups in Thailand were collected, then categorized as specified in the Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World, consisting of the following: 1) concepts, 2) cultural and general aspects, 3) surroundings, 4) materials and resources for construction, 5) products and construction details, 6) maintenance, 7) signs and decoration, 8) categories, and 9) uses and functions. The comparison was done to evaluate existing knowledge; it was then categorized, based on the above theories and principles. Gaps will be examined and guidelines will be proposed.

บทคัดย่อภาษาไทย
การศึกษาเรื่อง “บริบทแวดล้อมที่ส่งผลต่อการก่อตัวและพัฒนาการของตึกแถวในย่านประวัติศาสตร์ทับเที่ยง จังหวัดตรัง” โดยศึกษาผ่านการบูรณาการกรอบความคิดทั้ง “รูปแบบทางสถาปัตยกรรม” และ “บริบท” เข้าด้วยกัน เพื่อพิจารณาบริบทแวดล้อมที่สัมพันธ์กับการก่อตัวของตึกแถว ซึ่งได้จำแนกพัฒนาการทางสถาปัตยกรรมของตึกแถวการค้าในย่านประวัติศาสตร์ทับเที่ยง ออกเป็น 7 ระยะ คือ “ตึกแถวแบบท้องถิ่น ระยะที่ 1” “ตึกแถวแบบท้องถิ่น ระยะที่ 2” “ตึกแถวแบบสรรค์ผสาน” “ตึกแถวแบบท้องถิ่น ระยะที่ 3” “ตึกแถวแบบอาร์ตเดคโค่” “ตึกแถวแบบสมัยใหม่ระยะต้น” และ “ตึกแถวสมัยใหม่และหลังสมัยใหม่”

English Abstract
The study of contexts affecting construction and its development in historic urban landscapes of Tub Tiang, Trang Province is based on architectural forms and related factors so as to figure out the correlation. The development of shophouses can be identified into seven phases comprising Localization-Style Step; Localization Style Step 2; Eclectic Style; Localization Style Step 3; Art Deco Style; Early Modernism Style; and Modern and Post Modern.

Akit’s house is made mainly by a wood construction, and found as a stilt type house. Roof of the house is made by leaves, and skin of tree is still used as its wall. Nowadays, some changes have occurring on this vernacular house. In turn, this changing becomes an interesting phenomenon, particular on its construction of the house. This research has conducted in qualitative approach in order to find how the changes of the house. Field data gathered by a range of methods such as observation, story-telling, and documentation. The data are analysed and interpreted within an iterative process to expand understanding of the house’s changing. Thus, this research offers an architectural insight into how the cultural life affects on Akit’s house.

The progression in vernacular architecture which took place in the south following the conclusion of the Civil War varied extensively depending upon the industry in which the property holder made their living. This historic time of regrowth and reorganization in Georgia, may have only dispensed a minor impact upon the architecture of the home or a major one. Exploration of the widely divergent histories of two properties; Jarrell Plantation and the Hay House, built a decade before the start of the Civil War, circa 1850, in roughly the same location, Macon, Georgia, will consider their; construction, homeowner history, historic and current uses as well as the  evolution of the surrounding area.

Throughout the country, in small towns and big cities, Mount Vernon is a constant presence.  The historic house's distinctive architectural elements show up on countless buildings, both residential and commercial.  Mount Vernon's unique two-story piazza, a George Washington innovation, is the most copied component of the Mansion and has become one of the most identifiable features of American architecture.  Why did Mount Vernon become such a popular design source? How did the house become a national symbol, one providing inspirations to building designers across America? This article examines those questions by tracing the popularization of Mount Vernon, beginning with George Washington, the house's original architect.

Kayseri had always been an important administrative center throughout its history. After Istanbul’s conquest it kept its importance as a Central Anatolian city. Furthermore, it is also known as Architect Sinan’s hometown. Talas, which is a town of Kayseri, is situated at the slopes of Ali Mountain which is at the northeast of Erciyes Mountain, about ten kilometres from the city centre. Talas is an important town with regard to history of architecture including traditional vernacular texture occupied by Turkish, Armenian, Greek population in late Ottoman period. Harman District which is chosen as a case study, acts as a core within the housing texture of Talas. Plan formations of traditional Talas houses present information on related periods and local characteristic styles. Within the scope of this study, the local features of these houses, plan elements and plan types are analyzed under basic titles. As a result of this analysis, tables of plan typologies of the houses are prepared. In a culturally rich settlement of Anatolia located at the crossroads of civilizations in Talas, nowadays the existing historical texture is gradually disappearing. The documentation of the vernacular architecture of Talas will have an impact on the conservation of the historical texture of the settlement as well as transferring the data to the future generations. Furthermore, this data could be a guide for the restoration in the area for site management projects prepared by the local municipality.

In India two factors override others by their sheer magnitude:
• a building is the outcome of a handmade craft tradition and not industrial production &
• the majority of the population lives in small towns and villages and builds without architects.
The architecture of Asha & Prabhakar Baste is relevant because it addresses itself to both these issues. Their process of construction forges links with the craftsmen; and their buildings are designed to be prototypes. Their style has a simplicity, rigor, and deductive logic that paves the way for a new vernacular.

(This essay argued for Design/Build at a time when it's acceptance was frowned upon by the Indian Institute of Architects)

V članku je predstavljen kratek povzetek predavanja. V prostoru okoli nas se prepletajo vidni del (narava, prostor), nevidni del (energije, kačje črte) ter naša preteklost. Prostor je sestavljen tudi iz svetih mest v naravi, megalitov, tičnic, tročanov, staroselske arhitekture in nesnovne dediščina. Vse to potrjuje, da živimo na enem izmed najbolj čarobnih delov sveta, imenovanem Slovenija.

A dramatic change unfolded in Palestine's landscape starting in the 1860s. Within about forty years, Palestine's fortified cities spilled beyond their centuries-old walls, and a new milieu of landowners developed a vast new housing and settlement form: the plantation. Historical maps and accounts of Jaffa indicate that some 7500 dunam (750 hectares) of groves were developed around the region between 1858 and 1878, dotted with a large number of structures (fig. 1a-b). 1 This new landscape comprised vast fields and orchards, landlord mansions, and small clusters of serf huts. Plantations were sites for a " new " Palestinian society, where all land-related social ties were irrevocably transformed, replacing older land-based identities with a modern model of for-profit production. Modern-vernacular architecture housed new ways of life and conceptions of polity among the newly-expansive lands, vast accumulated wealth, and exploitation of the landless. Plantations were the result of the period of modernization in the Ottoman Empire and its gover-nance, during which land was identified as the Empire's greatest asset, and leaders aimed to better exploit it. 2 The Tanzimat, or reforms, included the 1858 land modernization code, which commodi-fied state lands, annulled cultivation-based ownership, and applied a modern system of legal registration throughout the Empire. 3 Consequently, a few local and absentee owners obtained vast lands, while many fellahin (peasants) lost access to land altogether, and with it many other rights as well. It has been argued that the overarching consequences of land modernization marked the beginning of modernization in the Middle East. 4 Surprisingly, Western travelers and consuls, members of the local elite, and even Ottoman officials discussed the post-reform built environment as a traditional landscape representative of native or biblical Palestine, often using the Bible itself as a reference, disregarding—knowingly or ignorantly— that it was in fact a modern landscape. 5 Palestine's plantations are an opportunity to recognize the

Este estudio analiza procesos contemporáneos de cambio cultural en dos áreas rurales del Noroeste de España. Ambas estuvieron habitadas por grupos sociales con una marcada identidad cultural que ha dejado su impronta en la cultura material: los vaqueiros d’alzada y los maragatos. Mediante una metodología arqueológica se analizan las casas de tres pueblos en cada caso de estudio, desvelando cómo la materialidad juega un papel fundamental en los procesos de cambio cultural. En líneas generales, se produce un tránsito entre las lógicas preindustriales de la domesticidad campesina y la concepción de la casa como un instrumento representacional que sirve para exhibir capital simbólico y social a personas de ámbitos urbanos con mentalidades individualizadas. El estudio muestra cómo la combinación de metodologías arqueológicas y etnográficas puede politizar contextos de cambio cultural contemporáneos aparentemente neutros.

Palabras claves: cambio cultural, cultura material, arqueología de los espacios domésticos, gestión del patrimonio.
This paper explores contemporary processes of cultural change in two rural areas of northwest Spain. These areas were inhabited by social groups with strong cultural identities that have made its mark in the material culture: the Vaqueiros d’Alzada and the Maragatos. The houses of three villages in each case study are analyzed through an archaeological methodology, revealing the key role materiality plays in processes of cultural change. Overall, there is a transition between preindustrial forms of peasant domesticity towards a conception of the house as a representational device used to display social and symbolic capital by highly individualized people from urban areas. The study shows how a combination of archaeological and ethnographic methodologies can politicize contemporary contexts of cultural change that are apparently neutral. Key words: Cultural change, material culture, household archaeology, cultural heritage management.

There is scarcely any local culture remained unaffected when the process of modernization entered one’s local region. In Indonesia, regions where traditional people of the so called “isolated tribe” who used to manage to survive from the modern intrusion, had undergone changes that unpredictably will threat the diversity of local cultural forms. Not many tribes stubborn enough to close themselves from modern intrusion by choice to their ancients tradition, while others are eager to escape from the stone age to incorporate the present way of life. Some remain ambiguous, being uncertain in finding compromises between maintaining and leaving tradition.
This paper explains example of traditional living environment in the state of transition, focusing on the case of traditional dwelling of longhouse, where the Dayak’s tribe lived. We try to explore the interaction between culture and space implied in longhouse to identify which traditional aspect and attribute probably would remain sustained. Exploration was based on ethnographic data collection took place in the village of Uluk Apalin during student field study program in January 2001. In addition to participant observations and interviews, we included an architectural analysis and photo-documentation. The field research was complemented with archival research to obtain an understanding of the contextual factors.